A
- abduction (Igor Douven)
- Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King and Andrew Arlig)
- Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
- abilities (John Maier)
- Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik)
- abortion, ethics of (Elizabeth Harman)
- Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
- abstract objects (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen)
- Abū l-Barakāt (Lukas Muehlethaler)
- academic freedom (Jacob T. Levy)
- accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
- action (Juan S. Piñeros Glasscock and Sergio Tenenbaum)
- joint — see agency: shared
- logic of — see logic: action
- action-based theories of perception (Robert Briscoe, Rick Grush, and Alison Springle)
- action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
- actualism — see possibilism-actualism debate
- actualism and possibilism in ethics (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen)
- adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber)
- Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
- Adorno, Theodor W. (Henry Pickford and Lambert Zuidervaart)
- advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
- Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
- Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
- aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
- aesthetic experience (Antonia Peacocke)
- aesthetics
- Aesthetics
- 19th Century Romantic (Keren Gorodeisky)
- aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
- Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
- British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
- Chinese Philosophy (Yolaine Escande)
- and cognitive science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie)
- Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
- Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
- cultural appropriation — see cultural heritage, ethics of
- definition of art — see art, definition of
- Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
- environmental (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson)
- existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics
- French, in the 18th century (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot)
- Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
- German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
- Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
- Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
- Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
- Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
- in critical theory (Owen Hulatt)
- interpretation of art — see art: interpretation
- Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
- late ancient and medieval (John Marenbon)
- Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics
- phenomenological (Fiona Hughes)
- Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
- and race (Monique Roelofs)
- Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
- Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
- aesthetics of the everyday (Yuriko Saito)
- aesthetic testimony (Jon Robson and Rebecca Wallbank)
- aesthetic value — see aesthetic, concept of the
- affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
- Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
- contemporary (Paul C. Taylor)
- African Philosophy
- ethics (Kwame Gyekye)
- sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
- afterlife (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro)
- agency (Markus Schlosser)
- shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
- agent-based modeling in philosophy of science — see modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based
- agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
- agnosticism (Paul Draper and Elizabeth Jackson)
- agnosticism and atheism — see atheism and agnosticism
- Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
- Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Vittoria Perrone Compagni)
- Ajdukiewicz, Kasimierz (Peter Simons)
- Akan Philosophy
- of the person (Ajume Wingo)
- akrasia — see weakness of will
- al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo)
- al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr (Sayeh Meisami and Reza Hadisi)
- al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart)
- metaphysics (Stephen Menn)
- philosophy of logic and language (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart)
- philosophy of society and religion (Nadja Germann)
- psychology and epistemology (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat)
- al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
- al-Khūnajī, Afḍal al-Dīn (Behnam Zolghadr)
- al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
- al-Qudat, ʿAyn (Muhammad U. Faruque and Mohammed Rustom)
- al-Razi, Abu Bakr (Peter Adamson)
- al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich)
- Albalag, Isaac (Bakinaz Abdalla)
- Alberic of Paris (Boaz Faraday Schuman, Heine Hansen, and Enrico Donato)
- Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
- Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
- Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich and Shira Weiss)
- Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
- Alexander, Samuel (Emily A. E. Thomas)
- Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn)
- algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
- algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris)
- algorithmic fairness — see fairness: algorithmic
- alienation (David Leopold)
- Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
- altruism (Richard Kraut)
- biological (Samir Okasha)
- empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, and Lachlan Walmsley)
- Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
- ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
- Ammonius (David Blank)
- Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
- analogy
- medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore)
- analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha)
- analysis (Michael Beaney and Thomas Raysmith)
- analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
- anaphora (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis)
- anarchism (Andrew Fiala)
- Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
- Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
- Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole)
- Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
- animal
- cognition (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó)
- communication (Richard Moore and Giulia Palazzolo)
- consciousness (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman)
- normativity (Simon Fitzpatrick)
- social cognition (Cameron Buckner)
- animalism (Stephan Blatti)
- animals
- and religion — see religion: and animals
- animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen and Susana Monsó)
- animal thought (Laura Danón)
- anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
- Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver)
- Anselm of Canterbury [Anselm of Bec] (Thomas Williams)
- anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
- Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
- a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
- appearance vs. reality
- epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
- skepticism — see skepticism
- a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
- Aquinas, Thomas (Robert Pasnau)
- moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
- metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci)
- natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
- philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street and Nadja Germann)
- philosophy of logic (Tony Street and Riccardo Strobino)
- philosophy of mathematics (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour)
- philosophy of religion (Jon McGinnis and Rahim Acar)
- psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
- Greek sources (Cristina D’Ancona)
- influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin)
- influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse)
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
- essence and existence (Fedor Benevich)
- Ibn Kammūna — see Ibn Kammūna
- Ikhwân al-Safâ’ — see Ikhwân al-Safâ’
- mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
- Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
- architecture, philosophy of (Saul Fisher)
- Archytas (Carl Huffman)
- Arendt, Hannah (Tatjana Tömmel and Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves)
- arete — see ethics: ancient
- argument and argumentation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes)
- arguments for epistemic norms
- epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms
- Aristippus — see Cyrenaics
- Aristotelianism
- commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on
- in the Renaissance (David Lines)
- Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
- De Motu Animalium (Klaus Corcilius)
- Sophistical Refutations (Annamaria Schiaparelli)
- Topics (Carrie Swanson)
- Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
- Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias
- Ammonius — see Ammonius
- David — see David
- Elias — see Elias
- Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus
- Philoponus — see Philoponus
- Simplicius — see Simplicius
- Aristotle, General Topics
- aesthetics (Pierre Destrée)
- biology (James Lennox)
- categories (Paul Studtmann)
- ethics (Richard Kraut)
- logic (Robin Smith)
- metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve)
- political theory (Fred Miller)
- psychology (Christopher Shields)
- rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
- Aristotle, Special Topics
- causality (Andrea Falcon)
- mathematics (Henry Mendell)
- natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
- on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
- textual transmission of Aristotelian corpus (Justin Winzenrieth)
- Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
- Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
- Arrow’s theorem (Michael Morreau)
- art
- erotic (Hans Maes)
- interpretation (Stacie Friend)
- art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
- art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
- art and aesthetics
- experimental philosophy of (Elzė Sigutė Mikalonytė, Ryan Doran, and Shen-yi Liao)
- art and ethical value (Anne W. Eaton and Nils Stear)
- artifact (Beth Preston)
- artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu)
- automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
- belief representation — see belief, formal representations of
- Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument
- connectionism — see connectionism
- defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible
- epistemology of (Claus Beisbart)
- ethics of (Vincent C. Müller)
- frame problem — see frame problem
- logic-based (Richmond Thomason)
- Turing test — see Turing test
- Ashʿarism, classical (Ayman Shihadeh)
- aspect — see tense and aspect
- assertion (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili)
- associationist theories of thought (Eric Mandelbaum)
- Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
- atheism (Paul Draper and Felipe Leon)
- atheism and agnosticism (Paul Draper)
- atomism
- 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
- ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
- atonement (Joshua C. Thurow)
- attention (Christopher Mole)
- attributes — see properties
- auditory perception — see perception: auditory
- Augustine of Hippo (Christian Tornau)
- Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
- Austin, John (Brian Bix)
- Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth)
- authenticity (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon)
- authority (Tom Christiano)
- legal — see legal obligation and authority
- automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
- autonomy
- and informed consent — see informed consent
- in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
- personal (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund)
- Averroes — see Ibn Rushd
- metaphysics — see Ibn Rushd: metaphysics
- natural philosophy — see Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy
- philosophy of religion — see Ibn Rushd: philosophy of religion
- psychology — see Ibn Rushd: psychology
- Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
- Avicenna — see Ibn Sina
- logic — see Ibn Sina: logic
- metaphysics — see Ibn Sina: metaphysics
- natural philosophy — see Ibn Sina: natural philosophy
- awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness
- awareness in logic, game theory, and decision theory (Gaia Belardinelli, Rasmus Rendsvig, and Burkhard C. Schipper)
- Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald and Nikhil Krishnan)
B [jump to top]
- Bacon, Francis (Jürgen Klein)
- Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
- Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
- basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
- Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
- Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
- Bayes’ Theorem (James Joyce)
- Bayle, Pierre (Michael Hickson)
- Beardsley, Monroe C.
- aesthetics (Michael Wreen)
- Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- beauty (Crispin Sartwell)
- Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke)
- behaviorism (George Graham)
- being — see existence
- being and becoming — see time
- in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
- belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
- self-locating — see self-locating beliefs
- belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
- belief, formal representations of (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber)
- belief merging and judgment aggregation (Gabriella Pigozzi)
- Bell’s Theorem (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony)
- beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
- Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
- Bentham, Jeremy (James E. Crimmins)
- Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard)
- Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
- Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
- Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (Eva Del Soldato)
- bias, implicit (Michael Brownstein)
- binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
- biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
- bioethics
- in Latin American (Gustavo Ortiz Millan, Florencia Luna, and Eduardo Rivera López)
- biological development
- theories of (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein)
- biological individuals (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker)
- biological information — see information: biological
- biology
- conservation — see conservation biology
- developmental — see developmental biology
- experiment in (Marcel Weber)
- molecular — see molecular biology
- philosophy of (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths)
- reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology
- teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
- biology, philosophy of
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology
- biomedicine, philosophy of (Sean Valles)
- Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- blame (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates)
- Bloch, Ernst (Ivan Boldyrev)
- bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont)
- Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
- body — see substance
- Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
- Boethius of Dacia (Sten Ebbesen)
- Bohr, Niels
- correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich)
- Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
- logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik)
- Bonaventure (Tim Noone, R. E. Houser, and Joshua Benson)
- Book of Causes [= Liber de causis] (Richard Taylor)
- Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
- Boolean algebra
- the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
- Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
- boundary (Achille Varzi)
- bounded rationality (Gregory Wheeler)
- Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh, Peter Anstey, and Jan-Erik Jones)
- Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
- moral philosophy (Dina Babushkina and David Crossley)
- Regress (Katarina Perovic)
- brain death — see death: definition of
- brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism
- branching time (Alberto Zanardo and Giuseppe Spolaore)
- Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
- theory of judgement (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor)
- Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
- Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
- Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
- Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
- Buber, Martin (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman)
- Buddha (Mark Siderits)
- Buddhism
- Chan — see Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism
- ethics in Indian Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian Buddhism
- ethics in Tibetan Buddhism — see ethics: in Tibetan Buddhism
- Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Buddhism
- mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
- Tiantai — see Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism
- Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
- Buddhism: Huayan — see Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism
- bundle theory — see substance
- Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
- Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
- Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
- Burnett, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Butler, Joseph
- moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett)
- Byzantine Philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)
C [jump to top]
- Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
- Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
- Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
- Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca)
- Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson)
- cancer (Anya Plutynski and Lucie Laplane)
- capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov)
- capitalism (Jonathan Levy and Chiara Cordelli)
- capital punishment (Claire Finkelstein)
- Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni and Jonathan Regier)
- Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus)
- Carneades (James Allen)
- Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
- casuistry — see reasoning: moral
- categories (Amie Thomasson)
- medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
- category mistakes (Ofra Magidor)
- category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
- causal determinism — see determinism: causal
- causal models (Christopher Hitchcock)
- causation
- backward (Jan Faye)
- counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee)
- in Arabic and Islamic thought (Kara Richardson)
- in physics (Mathias Frisch)
- in the law (Michael Moore)
- and manipulability (James Woodward)
- medieval theories of (Graham White)
- mental — see mental causation
- the metaphysics of (J. Dmitri Gallow)
- probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
- regularity and inferential theories of (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther)
- retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see quantum mechanics: retrocausality
- Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
- cell biology, philosophy of (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen)
- cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue)
- censorship — see pornography: and censorship
- certainty (Baron Reed)
- ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
- chance
- versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
- change
- and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen)
- change: Chinese philosophy of — see Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change
- chaos (Robert Bishop)
- character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
- empirical approaches (Christian B. Miller)
- Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen and Andrew Janiak)
- Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier)
- chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
- childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin)
- children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
- Chile
- philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic)
- chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
- Chinese Confucianism
- Modern Confucianism (David Elstein)
- Chinese ethics — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
- Chinese Philosophy
- Aesthetics — see Aesthetics: Chinese Philosophy
- Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock)
- Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals)
- Compared to Western Philosophy — see comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western
- Confucius — see Confucius
- contemporary (Chung-yi Cheng)
- Dai Zhen — see Dai Zhen
- Daoism (Taoism) — see Daoism
- emotions in early Chinese Philosophy (Bongrae Seok)
- epistemology (Jana Rošker)
- ethics (David Wong)
- Han Dynasty (Alexus McLeod)
- Huayan Buddhism (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones)
- Laozi — see Laozi
- legalism in (Yuri Pines)
- logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy (Marshall D. Willman)
- Mencius — see Mencius
- metaphysics (Franklin Perkins)
- mind (heart-mind) (David Wong)
- Mohism (Chris Fraser)
- Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
- Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism
- philosophy of change (Tze-Ki Hon)
- Qing philosophy (On-cho Ng)
- religion (Ellen Zhang)
- science (Lisa Raphals)
- social and political thought (Stephen C. Angle)
- Song-Ming Confucianism (Justin Tiwald)
- Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn)
- translating and interpreting (Henry Rosemont Jr. and Chad Hansen)
- Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming
- Xunzi — see Xunzi
- Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi
- Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi
- Chinese room argument (David Cole)
- Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
- choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
- choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
- choice, social — see social choice theory
- Christian theology, philosophy and (William Wood)
- Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall)
- Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
- Church’s Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
- Cicero (Raphael Woolf)
- citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
- civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine)
- civic humanism (Cary Nederman)
- civil disobedience (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee)
- civil rights (Robin L. West)
- Clarke, Samuel (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati)
- Clauberg, Johannes (Nabeel Hamid)
- Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
- climate justice — see justice: climate
- climate science (Wendy Parker)
- clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
- cloning (Katrien Devolder)
- Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
- coercion (Scott Anderson)
- cognition
- animal — see animal: cognition
- embodied (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding)
- cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
- cognitive penetration (Steven Gross and Chaz Firestone)
- cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
- cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
- Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
- Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly)
- aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
- Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
- colonialism (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy)
- color (Barry Maund)
- common cause principle — see Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle
- common good (Waheed Hussain and Margaret Kohn)
- common ground in pragmatics (Bart Geurts)
- common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
- communication
- animal — see animal: communication
- communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
- comparative cognition, methods in (Marta Halina)
- comparative philosophy
- Chinese and Western (David Wong)
- compatibilism (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates)
- competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
- complexity
- computability and — see computability and complexity
- computational — see computational complexity theory
- composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
- compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
- computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
- computation
- in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini and Corey Maley)
- computational complexity theory (Walter Dean)
- computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational
- computational philosophy (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer)
- computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
- computer science, philosophy of (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner)
- computing
- modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
- and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman)
- Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
- concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
- normative (Laura Schroeter, Francois Schroeter, and Stephen Finlay)
- condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
- Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi)
- conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
- counterfactual (W. Starr)
- logic of — see logic: conditionals
- Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
- in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
- confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi)
- Confucianism
- gender in Confucian philosophy (Li-Hsiang Rosenlee)
- Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: Confucian
- Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Confucianism
- Mencius — see Mencius
- Modern Confucianism — see Chinese Confucianism: Modern Confucianism
- Song-Ming — see Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism
- Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming
- Xunzi — see Xunzi
- Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi
- Confucius (Mark Csikszentmihalyi)
- connectionism (Cameron Buckner and James Garson)
- connectives
- sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
- conscience (Alberto Giubilini)
- medieval theories of (Peter Eardley)
- consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
- animal — see animal: consciousness
- higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro)
- and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
- neuroscience of (Wayne Wu and Jorge Morales)
- representational theories of (William Lycan)
- seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen)
- temporal (Barry Dainton)
- unity of (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont)
- consent — see political obligation
- consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Milo Crimi)
- consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
- rule (Brad Hooker)
- consequentializing (Douglas W. Portmore)
- conservation biology (Jay Odenbaugh)
- conservatism (Andy Hamilton)
- constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis)
- constructive empiricism (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler)
- constructivism
- in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
- in political philosophy (Andrew Williams)
- contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
- Continental Rationalism (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon)
- continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
- continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis
- contractarianism (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari)
- contract law, philosophy of (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq)
- contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
- contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
- convention (Michael Rescorla)
- moral/conventional distinction — see moral/conventional distinction
- Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
- Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn Sophia Belle)
- Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
- Cordemoy, Géraud de (Fred Ablondi)
- corruption (Seumas Miller)
- cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
- cosmology
- methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
- and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh)
- cosmology, philosophy of (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis)
- cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
- counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual
- counterpart theory — see possible objects
- Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
- creation and conservation (David Vander Laan)
- creationism (Michael Ruse)
- creativity (Elliot Samuel Paul and Dustin Stokes)
- Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik)
- criminal law, theories of (James Edwards)
- critical philosophy of race (Linda Alcoff)
- critical race theory — see critical philosophy of race
- critical theory (Robin Celikates and Jeffrey Flynn)
- aesthetics in — see aesthetics: in critical theory
- critical thinking (David Hitchcock)
- Croce, Benedetto (Gary Kemp and Richard Bellamy)
- aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
- Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
- Cudworth, Ralph (Sarah Hutton)
- Cugoano, Ottobah (Antonia LoLordo)
- cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
- cultural heritage, ethics of (Erich Hatala Matthes)
- culture (Patti Tamara Lenard)
- and cognitive science (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block)
- Curry’s paradox (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall)
- Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)
- cynicism in ancient Greek philosophy (Isabelle Chouinard)
- Cynics, in ancient Greek philosophy (Eric Brown)
- Cyrenaics (Voula Tsouna)
D [jump to top]
- Dai Zhen (Chris Fraser and Frank Y. C. Chong)
- d’Alembert, Jean le Rond (Ronald Calinger and Marius Stan)
- Damascius (Jonathan Greig and Gerd Van Riel)
- Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
- dance, philosophy of (Aili Bresnahan)
- Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander)
- Daoism (Chad Hansen)
- Laozi — see Laozi
- Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism
- religious (Fabrizio Pregadio)
- Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi
- Darwin, Charles
- from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man — see evolution: from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man
- Darwinism (James Lennox and Charles H. Pence)
- Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
- Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
- David (Christian Wildberg)
- Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
- death (Steven Luper)
- definition of (David DeGrazia)
- death penalty — see capital punishment
- de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
- deception (James Edwin Mahon and Don Fallis)
- definition of — see lying and deception: definition of
- self — see self-deception
- decision-making capacity (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland)
- decision theory (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson)
- causal (Paul Weirich)
- descriptive (Jake Chandler)
- expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility
- non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility
- Dedekind, Richard
- contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
- deductivism in the philosophy of mathematics (Alexander Paseau and Fabian Pregel)
- defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt)
- definitions (Anil Gupta and Stephen Mackereth)
- dehumanization (Ben Phillips)
- Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss)
- Delmedigo, Elijah (Michael Engel)
- delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
- demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science
- democracy (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj)
- global (Jonathan Kuyper)
- Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
- demonstration
- Aristotle’s theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
- medieval theories of (John Longeway)
- demonstratives — see indexicals
- denotation — see reference
- deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
- dependence, ontological (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe)
- depiction (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki)
- Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
- Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
- epistemology (Lex Newman)
- ethics (Donald Rutherford)
- life and works (Kurt Smith)
- mathematics (Mary Domski)
- method (Tarek R. Dika)
- modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
- ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
- physics (Edward Slowik)
- and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- theory of ideas (Kurt Smith)
- descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
- desert (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow)
- Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
- design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
- desire (Tim Schroeder)
- de Staël, Germaine (Kristin Gjesdal)
- determinates and determinables (Jessica Wilson)
- determinism
- ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of
- causal (Carl Hoefer)
- developmental biology (Alan Love)
- evolution and development (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert)
- theories of — see biological development: theories of
- Dewey, John (David Hildebrand)
- aesthetics (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka)
- moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
- political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
- Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
- diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma)
- epistemology of — see visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of
- Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien and Matthew Duncombe)
- dialectics, Hegel’s — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics
- dialetheism (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber)
- Diderot, Denis (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank)
- Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
- digital art, philosophy of (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser)
- dignity (Remy Debes)
- Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
- Diodorus Cronus (Matthew Duncombe)
- Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
- Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
- dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady)
- disability
- critical disability theory (Melinda C. Hall)
- definitions and models (David Wasserman and Sean Aas)
- feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability
- health, well-being, personal relationships (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
- and health care rationing (Jerome Bickenbach)
- and justice (Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch)
- disagreement (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson)
- moral — see moral disagreement
- discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier)
- discrimination (Andrew Altman)
- disease — see health
- disjunction (Maria Aloni)
- dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara)
- Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
- distributive justice — see justice: distributive
- and empirical moral psychology (Christian B. Miller)
- international — see justice: international distributive
- diversity
- religious — see religious diversity
- divine
- command theory — see voluntarism, theological
- foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
- freedom — see freedom: divine
- hiddenness — see hiddenness of God
- illumination (Robert Pasnau)
- providence — see providence, divine
- revelation — see revelation, divine
- simplicity — see simplicity: divine
- doing vs. allowing harm (Fiona Woollard and Frances Howard-Snyder)
- domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
- domination (Christopher McCammon)
- donation and sale of human eggs and sperm (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams)
- donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson)
- double consciousness (John P. Pittman)
- double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
- Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
- doxastic voluntarism (Mark Boespflug and Elizabeth Jackson)
- doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld and David Runia)
- dreams and dreaming (Jennifer M. Windt)
- dualism (Howard Robinson)
- Du Bois, W.E.B. (Robert Gooding-Williams)
- Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron)
- Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
- Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
- Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
- dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic
- dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic
E [jump to top]
- Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
- Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
- ecological genetics — see genetics: ecological
- ecology (Alkistis Elliott-Graves)
- biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
- conservation biology — see conservation biology
- economics
- in early modern philosophy (Margaret Schabas)
- philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
- Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics
- economics [normative] and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
- education, philosophy of (Harvey Siegel, D.C. Phillips, and Eamonn Callan)
- Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
- egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
- egoism (Robert Shaver)
- Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna)
- Einstein, Albert
- the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
- philosophy of science (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli)
- Elias (Christian Wildberg)
- Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia (Lisa Shapiro)
- emergent properties (Timothy O’Connor)
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
- emotion (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa)
- 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
- in Early Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy
- in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
- responses to fiction — see fiction: emotional responses to
- empathy (Karsten Stueber)
- Empedocles (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry)
- empirical approaches
- altruism — see altruism: empirical approaches
- character, moral — see character, moral: empirical approaches
- moral responsibility — see moral responsibility: empirical approaches
- psychology of normative cognition — see normative cognition, psychology of
- empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
- ancient and medieval (Gregory W. Dawes)
- constructive — see constructive empiricism
- logical (Richard Creath)
- Enlightenment (William Bristow)
- entailment — see logical consequence
- entropy
- and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
- envy (Justin D’Arms)
- Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
- Epicurus (David Konstan)
- epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
- episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
- epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
- epistemic closure (Steven Luper)
- epistemic injustice (Lauren Leydon-Hardy and Eric Bayruns García)
- epistemic oppression (Tempest Henning)
- epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
- epistemic self-doubt — see self-doubt, epistemic
- epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms (Richard Pettigrew)
- epistemology (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta)
- of artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: epistemology of
- Bayesian (Hanti Lin)
- contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic
- evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science
- in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology
- in Latin America (Diego Machuca)
- moral — see moral epistemology
- moral, a priorism in — see moral epistemology: a priorism in
- naturalism in (Patrick Rysiew)
- reliabilist — see reliabilist epistemology
- social (Cailin O’Connor, Sanford Goldberg, and Alvin Goldman)
- social feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology
- virtue (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco)
- epistemology, formal (Jonathan Weisberg)
- epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
- equality (Stefan Gosepath)
- of educational opportunity (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz)
- of opportunity (Gideon Elford)
- equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores)
- Erasmus, Desiderius (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail)
- ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
- Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu)
- essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence
- essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
- essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson Ishii and Philip Atkins)
- eternity, in Christian thought (Natalja Deng)
- ethics
- actualism and possibilism — see actualism and possibilism in ethics
- ancient (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud)
- of belief — see belief, ethics of
- business (Jeffrey Moriarty)
- Chinese — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
- deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore)
- environmental (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo)
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics
- in Hinduism (Swami Medhananda)
- in Indian Buddhism (Charles Goodman and Aaron Schultz)
- internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer)
- in Tibetan Buddhism (Emily McRae and Nicolas Bommarito)
- natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
- objectivity in (Melissa Barry)
- and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
- search engines and (Herman Tavani and Michael Zimmer)
- and social networking — see social networking and ethics
- thick concepts — see thick ethical concepts
- utilitarian — see consequentialism
- virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove)
- ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
- ethics, applied
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
- ethics, biomedical
- abortion, ethics of — see abortion, ethics of
- advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
- chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
- clinical research (David Wendler)
- cloning — see cloning
- decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
- disability — see disability: definitions and models
- disease and health, concepts of — see health
- the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see donation and sale of human eggs and sperm
- the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs
- human enhancement — see human enhancement
- informed consent — see informed consent
- justice, inequality, and health (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan)
- justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
- pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
- privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
- public health ethics — see public health: ethics
- the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs
- stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
- theory (Jennifer Flynn)
- eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
- Eudoxus (Victor Gysembergh)
- eugenics (Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Sara Goering)
- euthanasia
- voluntary (Robert Young)
- events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
- evidence (Thomas Kelly)
- the legal concept of (Hock Lai Ho)
- scientific — see confirmation
- evidence, higher-order (Sophie Horowitz)
- evil
- concept of (Todd Calder)
- kinds and origins (Andrew Chignell)
- problem of (Michael Tooley)
- evolution (Roberta L. Millstein)
- concept before Darwin (Phillip Sloan)
- cultural (Tim Lewens and Andrew Buskell)
- from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man (Phillip Sloan)
- evolutionary approaches to religion — see religion: evolutionary approaches
- evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
- evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
- evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
- existence (Michael Nelson)
- existentialism (Kevin Aho)
- aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
- Mexican (Carlos Sanchez)
- experience, aesthetic — see aesthetic experience
- experimental jurisprudence — see jurisprudence, experimental
- experimental moral philosophy (Mark Alfano, Edouard Machery, Alexandra Plakias, and Don Loeb)
- experimental philosophy (Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols)
- experimental philosophy of art and aesthetics — see art and aesthetics: experimental philosophy of
- experimentation
- in biology — see biology: experiment in
- in physics — see physics: experiment in
- explanation
- mathematical — see mathematical: explanation
- metaphysics — see metaphysical explanation
- scientific — see scientific explanation
- exploitation (Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer)
- externalism
- and self-knowledge (T. Parent)
- externalism about the mind (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch)
- extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
- Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham
F [jump to top]
- facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
- fairness (Kristi Olson)
- algorithmic (Deborah Hellman)
- faith (John Bishop and Daniel J. McKaughan)
- Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
- fallacies (Hans Hansen)
- Fanon, Frantz (John Drabinski)
- fatalism (Hugh Rice)
- Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Frederick C. Beiser)
- federalism (Andreas Follesdal)
- Feigl, Herbert (Matthias Neuber)
- Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad)
- feminist philosophy (Noëlle McAfee, Ann Garry, Anita Superson, Heidi Grasswick, and Serene Khader)
- feminist philosophy, approaches
- analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
- continental philosophy (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown)
- intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
- intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan and Erin Tarver)
- Latin American feminism (Stephanie Rivera Berruz)
- pragmatism (Judy Whipps and Danielle Lake)
- psychoanalytic philosophy (Emily Zakin and Claudia Leeb)
- feminist philosophy, interventions
- aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer and Peg Brand Weiser)
- bioethics (Jackie Leach Scully)
- environmental philosophy (Karen J. Warren)
- epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
- ethics (Kathryn Norlock)
- history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt and Lisa Shapiro)
- liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
- metaphysics (Katharine Jenkins, Matthew Cull, Sally Haslanger, and Ásta)
- moral psychology (Anita Superson)
- philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr and Letitia Meynell)
- philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul, Esa Diaz-Leon, and Samia Hesni)
- philosophy of law (Leslie Francis and Patricia Smith)
- philosophy of mind (Jennifer McWeeny)
- philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry)
- political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee and Katie B. Howard)
- social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
- feminist philosophy, topics
- perspectives on argumentation (Catherine E. Hundleby)
- perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar)
- perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel)
- perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers)
- perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox)
- perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki)
- perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
- perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant)
- perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
- perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow)
- perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola)
- perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
- perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon and Clara Fischer)
- perspectives on the self (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers)
- perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher)
- Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
- Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Todd Gooch)
- Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
- Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza)
- fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
- emotional responses to (Katie Tullmann)
- fictional entities (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
- fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism
- modal (Daniel Nolan)
- fideism (Richard Amesbury)
- film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
- finance, philosophy of money and — see money and finance, philosophy of
- Findlay, J.N. (Douglas Lackey)
- fine-tuning (Simon Friederich)
- finitism (Shaughan Lavine)
- Fitch’s paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
- fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
- fitting attitude theories of value (Christopher Howard)
- FitzRalph, Richard (Michael W. Dunne)
- Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady)
- folk psychology
- as mental simulation (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon)
- as a theory (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft)
- Foot, Philippa (John Hacker-Wright)
- foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
- forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes and Brandon Warmke)
- formal epistemology — see epistemology, formal
- formalism
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
- formal philosophy of science (Stephan Hartmann and Sebastian Lutz)
- formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
- Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
- form vs. matter (Thomas Ainsworth)
- Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala)
- four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
- frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
- Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
- Frankfurt School — see critical theory
- freedom
- academic — see academic freedom
- ancient theories of (Tim O’Keefe)
- of association (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins)
- divine (William Rowe)
- positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative
- of speech (Jeffrey W. Howard)
- free rider problem (Russell Hardin and Garrett Cullity)
- free will (Timothy O’Connor and Christopher Franklin)
- (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
- divine foreknowledge and (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski)
- Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
- controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
- logic (Roy Cook)
- theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
- friendship (Bennett Helm)
- Fuller, Margaret (Daniel Howe)
- function
- in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
- propositional — see propositional function
- recursive — see recursive functions
- functionalism (Janet Levin)
- fundamentality (Tuomas E. Tahko)
- future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle)
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
G [jump to top]
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
- aesthetics (Nicholas Davey and Cynthia Nielsen)
- Galen (P. N. Singer)
- Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer and David Marshall Miller)
- game-theoretic semantics and pragmatics (Anton Benz and Roland Mühlenbernd)
- games
- abstraction and completeness (Felice Cardone)
- logic and — see logic: and games
- logics for analyzing — see logic: for analyzing games
- game theory (Don Ross)
- epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy)
- and ethics (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf)
- evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
- Gaṅgeśa (Stephen Phillips)
- Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
- gauge theories in physics (John Dougherty)
- Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] (Douglas Duckworth)
- gene (Robert Meunier)
- generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
- general relativity
- early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
- generic generalizations (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner)
- genetic drift (Roberta L. Millstein)
- genetics (James Tabery)
- ecological (Michael Wade)
- genotype/phenotype distinction (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin)
- molecular (Ken Waters)
- population (Samir Okasha)
- genomics and postgenomics (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupré)
- geometry
- epistemology of (Jeremy Gray and José Ferreirós)
- finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem)
- in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
- George, Eliot (Clare Carlisle)
- Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- German Philosophy
- in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen)
- Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
- Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
- given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
- global democracy — see democracy: global
- globalization (William Scheuerman)
- global justice — see justice: global
- God
- and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
- and other ultimates (Jeanine Diller)
- God, arguments for belief in
- pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God
- God, arguments for the existence of
- cosmological — see cosmological argument
- Descartes’ ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
- moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett)
- ontological — see ontological arguments
- teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
- Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
- Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
- Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
- incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen)
- Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
- aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli)
- goodness, perfect (Mark Murphy)
- goods, public — see public goods
- Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor)
- grammar
- categorial — see grammar: typelogical
- typelogical (Michael Moortgat)
- Gramsci, Antonio (James Martin)
- gratitude (Tony Manela)
- Green, Thomas Hill (David Brink)
- Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard)
- Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
- Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis and Nicola Polloni)
- Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
- grounding, metaphysical (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon)
- group rights — see rights: group
H [jump to top]
- Habermas, Jürgen (James Gordon Finlayson and Dafydd Huw Rees)
- haecceitism (Sam Cowling)
- haecceity — see substance
- medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
- Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
- Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
- Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
- happiness (Dan Haybron)
- Hare, Richard Mervyn (Anthony Price)
- Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
- Hartmann, Nicolai (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli)
- Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
- hate speech (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes)
- Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke)
- health (Dominic Murphy)
- heart-mind, in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
- heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott)
- hedonism (Andrew Moore)
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
- aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate)
- dialectics (Julie E. Maybee)
- social and political philosophy (Thom Brooks)
- Heidegger, Martin (Michael Wheeler)
- aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
- hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought
- Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
- Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
- Henry, Michel (Frédéric Seyler)
- Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
- Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
- Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim)
- Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
- heritability (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews)
- inheritance systems — see inheritance systems
- hermeneutics (Theodore George)
- Heytesbury, William (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung)
- hiddenness of God (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green)
- Hilbert, David
- controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
- program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
- Hippias — see Sophists, The
- history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
- Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
- moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar)
- philosophy of science (Marcus P. Adams)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’ (Michael LeBuffe)
- holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
- Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker)
- Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
- Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse)
- hope (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl)
- Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
- human enhancement (Eric Juengst and Daniel Moseley)
- human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
- humanism
- civic — see civic humanism
- human nature (Neil Roughley)
- human rights — see rights: human
- human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
- Humboldt, Alexander von (Dalia Nassar)
- Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling)
- Hume, David (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown)
- aesthetics (Theodore Gracyk)
- and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality
- and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
- moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
- Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser and Tamás Demeter)
- on free will (Paul Russell)
- on religion (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- humility — see modesty and humility
- humor, philosophy of (John Morreall)
- Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
- Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Hutcheson, Francis (Dale Dorsey)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
- hyperintensionality (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan)
I [jump to top]
- Iamblichus (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf)
- Ibn ‘Arabî (William Chittick)
- Ibn Arabi, school of (Fitzroy Morrissey and Ismail Lala)
- Ibn Bâjja [Avempace] (Josep Puig Montada)
- Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran)
- Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
- Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
- Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin)
- Ibn Kammūna (Tzvi Langermann)
- Ibn Paquda, Bahya (Omer Michaelis)
- Ibn Rushd [Averroes] (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau)
- metaphysics (Matteo di Giovanni)
- natural philosophy (Josep Puig Montada)
- philosophy of religion (Richard Taylor)
- psychology (Richard Taylor)
- Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (Dimitri Gutas)
- logic (Riccardo Strobino)
- metaphysics (Olga Lizzini)
- natural philosophy (Jon McGinnis)
- Ibn Taymiyya (Jon Hoover)
- Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
- ideal and nonideal theory in political philosophy (Zofia Stemplowska and Laura Valentini)
- idealism (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann)
- identity (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis)
- of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
- over time (Andre Gallois)
- personal — see personal identity
- relative (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz)
- transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago)
- identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
- identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory
- ideology (William Clare Roberts)
- ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
- idiolects (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez)
- Ikhwân al-Safâ’ (Carmela Baffioni)
- imagery, mental — see mental imagery
- imagination (Shen-yi Liao and Tamar Gendler)
- imaginative resistance (Emine Hande Tuna)
- imitation game — see Turing test
- immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman)
- immortality — see afterlife
- immunology, philosophy of (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber)
- immutability (Brian Leftow)
- impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
- implicature (Wayne Davis)
- optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke)
- implicit bias — see bias, implicit
- impossible worlds (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago)
- incarnation (Richard Cross)
- incommensurability
- of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene)
- of values — see value: incommensurable
- incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
- incompatibilism
- (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson)
- arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
- indexicals (David Braun)
- Indian Philosophy (Classical)
- concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske)
- epistemology (Stephen Phillips and Anand Vaidya)
- language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande)
- literal-nonliteral distinction (Malcolm Keating)
- logic (Brendan Gillon)
- metaphysics — see metaphysics: in classical Indian philosophy
- monism in — see monism in Classical Indian Philosophy
- naturalism (Amita Chatterjee)
- perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha)
- personhood (Monima Chadha)
- rasa — see Rasa in Classical Indian Philosophy
- individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
- individuals, biological — see biological individuals
- induction
- problem of (Leah Henderson)
- inductive logic — see logic: inductive
- inequality — see equality
- inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
- inference to the best explanation — see abduction
- infinite regress arguments (Ross Cameron)
- infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
- infinity (Kenny Easwaran, Alan Hájek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy)
- informal logic — see logic: informal
- information (Pieter Adriaans)
- biological (Marc Artiga)
- and logic — see logic: and information
- quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information
- semantic conceptions of (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi)
- information processing
- and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
- information technology
- and moral values (John Sullins)
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
- and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier)
- informed consent (Nir Eyal)
- Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
- inherence — see substance
- inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm)
- innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist)
- innateness
- and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik)
- historical controversies (Jerry Samet)
- and language (Fiona Cowie)
- inner speech (Daniel Gregory and Peter Langland-Hassan)
- insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read)
- instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
- integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
- intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
- intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
- intention (Kieran Setiya)
- intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
- collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid)
- consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
- in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
- phenomenal (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici)
- internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
- international law, philosophy of (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame)
- internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research
- interpretation of art — see art: interpretation
- intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson)
- introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
- intuition (Joel Pust)
- intuitionism
- ethics — see moral intuitionism
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism
- intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
- development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic
- intuitionistic type theory — see type theory: intuitionistic
- inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
- Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik)
- Italos, John (András Kraft)
J [jump to top]
- Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (Paolo Livieri and George di Giovanni)
- Jaina Philosophy (Marie-Hélène Gorisse)
- James, William (Russell Goodman)
- James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
- Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis)
- aesthetics (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane)
- Confucian (John Tucker)
- Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School] (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco)
- Kūkai (John Krummel)
- Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
- Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō
- Pure Land (Dennis Hirota)
- Watsuji Tetsurō — see Watsuji Tetsurō
- Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
- Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron)
- Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
- Jefferson, Thomas (M. Andrew Holowchak)
- Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
- Jewish philosophy of religion (David Shatz and Aaron Segal)
- John of Salisbury (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman)
- Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
- Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
- judgment
- aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
- judgment aggregation and belief merging — see belief merging and judgment aggregation
- jurisprudence, experimental (Kevin Tobia, Guilherme Almeida, Karolina Prochownik, and Ivar Hannikainen)
- jury theorems (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann)
- justice (David Miller)
- and access to health care — see ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care
- and bad luck — see luck: justice and bad luck
- climate (Simon Caney)
- and disability — see disability: and justice
- distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor)
- distributive justice and empirical moral psychology — see distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology
- economic — see economics and economic justice
- global (Gillian Brock and Nicole Hassoun)
- inequality and health — see ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health
- intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
- international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith)
- retributive (Alec Walen)
- territorial — see territorial rights and justice
- transitional (Nir Eisikovits)
- as a virtue (Mark LeBar)
- justification, epistemic
- a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
- coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson)
- foundationalist theories of (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton)
- internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
- reliabilism — see reliabilist epistemology
- transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
- justification, political
- public (Kevin Vallier)
K [jump to top]
- Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
- account of reason (Garrath Williams)
- aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
- conceptualism/nonconceptualism (Colin McLear)
- critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
- and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
- and Hume on morality (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis)
- and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
- moral philosophy (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton)
- philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson)
- philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
- philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate)
- philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan)
- social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
- theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
- transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom)
- transcendental idealism (Nicholas F. Stang)
- view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth)
- views on space and time (Andrew Janiak)
- Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan)
- Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia)
- Kierkegaard, Søren (John Lippitt and C. Stephen Evans)
- killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
- Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
- Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva)
- knowledge
- analysis of (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup)
- a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
- by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton)
- self- — see self-knowledge
- knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter)
- knowledge how (Carlotta Pavese)
- Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
- Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
- Korean Philosophy (Halla Kim)
- Buddhism (Lucy Hyekyung Jee)
- Confucianism (Kevin N. Cawley)
- Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
- Kumārila (Daniel Arnold)
- Kūkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kūkai
L [jump to top]
- Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston)
- Ladd-Franklin, Christine (Frederique Janssen-Lauret)
- La Forge, Louis de (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke)
- Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden)
- lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher)
- Lambert of Auxerre (Sara L. Uckelman)
- Landmann-Kalischer, Edith (Daniel Dahlstrom)
- Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton)
- Langer, Susanne (Juliet Floyd)
- language of thought hypothesis (Michael Rescorla)
- Laozi (Alan Chan)
- large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
- Latin American Philosophy (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas)
- analytic philosophy in (Diana Ines Perez and Santiago Echeverri)
- bioethics — see bioethics: in Latin American
- epistemology — see epistemology: in Latin America
- feminism — see feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism
- liberalism — see liberalism: in Latin America
- metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli)
- philosophy of biology — see philosophy of biology: in Latin America
- philosophy of science — see philosophy of science: in Latin America
- skepticism — see skepticism: in Latin America
- Latinx Philosophy (Manuel Vargas)
- law
- and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
- and language (Timothy Endicott)
- limits of — see limits of law
- nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories
- rule of — see rule of law and procedural fairness
- laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
- ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag)
- learning, perceptual (Kevin Connolly and Adrienne Prettyman)
- learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
- Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (Richard J. Oosterhoff)
- legal interpretation (Mark Greenberg)
- legal obligation and authority (Massimo Renzo and Leslie Green)
- legal philosophy
- economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
- legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
- legal probabilism (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello)
- legal punishment — see punishment, legal
- legal reasoning (John Horty and Henry Prakken)
- interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
- precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
- legal rights (Ori Herstein)
- legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter)
- Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
- ethics (Andrew Youpa)
- Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple)
- influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
- modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look)
- on causation (Marc Bobro)
- on the problem of evil (Michael J. Murray, Sean Greenberg, and Thomas Feeney)
- philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
- philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough)
- Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
- Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah
- Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
- Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
- levels of organization in biology (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks)
- Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
- Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
- Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
- metaphysics (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz)
- liar paradox (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, and David Ripley)
- in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy (Ahmed Alwisha and David Sanson)
- liberal feminism — see feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism
- liberalism (Shane D. Courtland, Gerald Gaus, and David Schmidtz)
- in Latin America (Faviola Rivera)
- liberation, philosophy of (Eduardo Mendieta)
- Liber de causis — see Book of Causes
- libertarianism (Bas van der Vossen and Billy Christmas)
- liberty
- positive and negative (Ian Carter)
- life (Carlos Mariscal)
- meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
- lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
- limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
- linear logic — see logic: linear
- linguistics
- computational (Lenhart Schubert)
- philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ryan Nefdt)
- Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
- literature, philosophy and (R. Lanier Anderson and Yi-Ping Ong)
- living wills — see advance directives
- Llull, Ramon (Ernesto Priani)
- location and mereology (Cody Gilmore, Claudio Calosi, and Damiano Costa)
- Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter and Corey Barnes)
- Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
- moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan)
- on freedom (Samuel Rickless)
- on medicine (Jonathan Craig Walmsley)
- on personal identity (Jessica Gordon-Roth)
- on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones)
- philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
- political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
- logic
- action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
- algebraic propositional (Ramon Jansana)
- ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
- awareness in — see awareness in logic, game theory, and decision theory
- of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
- classical (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel)
- combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
- combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
- conditionals (Paul Egré and Hans Rott)
- connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
- deontic (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte)
- dependence (Pietro Galliani)
- dialogical (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey)
- dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne)
- epistemic (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang)
- for analyzing games (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein)
- for analyzing power in normal form games (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes)
- free (John Nolt)
- fuzzy (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera)
- and games (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen)
- hybrid (Torben Braüner)
- in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic
- independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
- inductive (James Hawthorne)
- infinitary (John L. Bell)
- informal (Leo Groarke)
- and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson)
- intensional (Melvin Fitting)
- intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
- justification (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer)
- linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
- logic-based artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic-based
- many-sorted (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda)
- many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
- of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of
- modal (James Garson)
- natural (Thomas Icard and Lawrence S. Moss)
- natural deduction systems in — see natural deduction systems in logic
- non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli)
- paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber)
- preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre)
- and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack)
- propositional (Curtis Franks)
- propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani)
- provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
- relevance (Edwin Mares)
- second-order and higher-order (Jouko Väänänen)
- sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic
- substructural (Greg Restall)
- temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg)
- logic, epistemology of (Paul Boghossian and Crispin Wright)
- logic, history of
- first-order logic (William Ewald)
- intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
- modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
- proof theory — see proof theory: development of
- set theory, early — see set theory: early development
- logic, normative status of (Florian Steinberger)
- logical atomism
- Russell’s (Kevin Klement)
- Wittgenstein’s — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism
- logical consequence (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi)
- algebraic propositional logic — see logic: algebraic propositional
- logical constants (John MacFarlane)
- logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
- logical empiricism — see empiricism: logical
- logical form (Paul Pietroski)
- logical pluralism (Gillian Russell and Christopher Blake-Turner)
- logical positivism (Michael Stoeltzner and Massimo Ferrari)
- logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
- logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
- logicism and neologicism (Neil Tennant)
- Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
- love (Bennett Helm)
- loyalty (John Kleinig)
- luck
- justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
- moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
- Lucretius (Simon Trépanier)
- Lukács, Georg [György] (Titus Stahl)
- Łukasiewicz, Jan (Peter Simons)
- Luther, Martin (Robert Stern)
- influence on philosophy (Robert Stern)
- Luxemburg, Rosa (Lea Ypi)
- Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
- lying and deception
- definition of (James Edwin Mahon)
- Lyotard, Jean François (Peter Gratton)
M [jump to top]
- Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green)
- Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
- Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
- macroevolution, philosophy of (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad)
- Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
- Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed)
- Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
- the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
- Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
- Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
- deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
- Mandeville, Bernard (Mikko Tolonen and Robin Douglass)
- manipulation, ethics of (Robert Noggle)
- many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
- Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman)
- Marcus, Ruth Barcan (Roberta Ballarin)
- Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
- Marcuse, Herbert (Arnold Farr)
- Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers)
- Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
- markets (Lisa Herzog)
- marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
- Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
- Marsilius of Padua (Alessandro Mulieri)
- Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek)
- Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold)
- Marxism, analytical (David Leopold)
- Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
- mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
- mass expressions
- logic of (David Nicolas)
- metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
- material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
- materialism — see physicalism
- eliminative (William Ramsey)
- mathematical
- explanation (Paolo Mancosu, Francesca Poggiolesi, and Christopher Pincock)
- style — see style: in mathematics
- mathematical practice (Paolo Mancosu and Silvia De Toffoli)
- mathematics
- constructive (Douglas Bridges, Erik Palmgren, and Hajime Ishihara)
- inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
- non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker)
- mathematics, foundations of
- Dedekind’s contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics
- Hilbert’s program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics
- mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
- fictionalism (Mark Balaguer)
- formalism (Alan Weir)
- indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
- intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff)
- Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics
- naturalism (Alexander Paseau)
- nominalism (Otávio Bueno)
- Platonism (Øystein Linnebo)
- structuralism (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer)
- Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics
- McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
- Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia and Scott Taylor)
- meaning
- normativity of (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini)
- of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi)
- meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
- meaning holism (Henry Jackman)
- means, treating persons as — see treating persons as means
- measurement
- in science (Eran Tal)
- mechanism in science (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari)
- medicine, philosophy of (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny)
- medicine: Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine
- medieval philosophy (John Marenbon)
- aesthetics — see aesthetics: late ancient and medieval
- literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
- political — see political philosophy: medieval
- medieval theories of
- analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
- categories — see categories: medieval theories of
- causation — see causation: medieval theories of
- conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
- consequence — see consequence, medieval theories of
- demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
- emotion — see emotion: medieval theories of
- future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
- haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
- mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
- modality — see modality: medieval theories of
- obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
- practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
- properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
- relations — see relations: medieval theories of
- singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
- syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
- transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of
- Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
- Meister Eckhart (Amber L. Griffioen)
- memory (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton)
- epistemological problems of (Matthew Frise)
- Mencius (Bryan Van Norden)
- Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
- mental causation (David Robb, John Heil, and Sophie Gibb)
- mental content
- causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa)
- externalism about the mind — see externalism about the mind
- narrow (Curtis Brown)
- nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen)
- teleological theories of (Peter Schulte and Karen Neander)
- mental disorder (Jennifer Radden and Jonathan Y. Tsou)
- mental illness — see mental disorder
- mental imagery (Bence Nanay)
- mental representation (David Pitt)
- in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
- mereology (Achille Varzi)
- and location — see location and mereology
- medieval (Andrew Arlig)
- meritocracy (Thomas Mulligan)
- Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Ted Toadvine)
- Mersenne, Marin (Philippe Hamou)
- metaepistemology (J. Adam Carter and Ernest Sosa)
- metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
- metaethics, normativity in (David Copp and Justin Morton)
- metaphor (David Hills)
- metaphysical explanation (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson)
- metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen, Meghan Sullivan, and Sara Bernstein)
- in classical Indian philosophy (Allison Aitken)
- realism and anti-realism about (Mark Balaguer)
- metaphysics in the 16th century
- Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco
- methodological holism in the social sciences (Julie Zahle)
- Mexican existentialism — see existentialism: Mexican
- Mexico
- philosophy in (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.)
- microbiology, philosophy of (Maureen A. O’Malley and Emily C. Parke)
- Midgley, Mary (Rachael Wiseman and Clare Mac Cumhaill)
- Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
- Mill, James (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides)
- Mill, John Stuart (Christopher Macleod)
- moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
- mind
- computational theory of (Michael Rescorla)
- in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
- in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru)
- modularity of (Philip Robbins)
- mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart)
- miracles (Timothy McGrew and Robert Larmer)
- modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
- modality
- Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics
- epistemology of (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner)
- impossible worlds — see impossible worlds
- Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
- modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal
- necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions
- possible objects — see possible objects
- possible worlds — see possible worlds
- Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics
- varieties of (Boris Kment)
- modal logic — see logic: modal
- modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic
- philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic — see multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of
- modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based (Dunja Šešelja)
- model organisms (Michael Dietrich)
- models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
- model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
- first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon)
- modesty and humility (Nicolas Bommarito)
- Mohism — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohism
- Mohist Canons — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons
- molecular biology (Tudor Baetu, Monika Piotrowska, and James Tabery)
- Molyneux’s problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
- money and finance, philosophy of (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O’Neill, and Joakim Sandberg)
- monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
- anomalous — see anomalous monism
- neutral — see neutral monism
- Russellian (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom)
- monism in Classical Indian Philosophy (Jessica Frazier)
- monotheism (William Wainwright)
- Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari)
- Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
- Montessori, Maria (Patrick Frierson)
- Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
- moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
- moral/conventional distinction (Edouard Machery and Stephen Stich)
- moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
- moral character — see character, moral
- moral cognition, psychology of — see normative cognition, psychology of
- moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
- moral decision-making under uncertainty (Christian Tarsney, Teruji Thomas, and William MacAskill)
- moral demands and permissions/prerogatives (Thomas Hurka)
- moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
- moral disagreement (Folke Tersman)
- moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
- a priorism in (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks)
- moral generalism — see moral particularism: and moral generalism
- moral intuitionism (Philip Stratton-Lake)
- morality
- and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick)
- and practical reason (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
- morality, definition of (Bernard Gert and Joshua Gert)
- moral luck — see luck: moral
- moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati)
- moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
- moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge)
- moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
- and moral generalism (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever)
- moral phenomenology — see phenomenology: moral
- moral psychology
- empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley)
- moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
- moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
- moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
- moral responsibility (Matthew Talbert)
- empirical approaches (Chandra Sripada)
- the epistemic condition (Fernando Rudy-Hiller)
- principle of alternative possibilities (David Robb)
- moral sentimentalism (Antti Kauppinen)
- moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
- moral status
- of animals — see animals, moral status of
- moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum)
- moral testimony, deference, and expertise (Sarah McGrath)
- moral theory (Julia Driver)
- moral worth (Keshav Singh)
- More, Henry (John Henry)
- More, Thomas (Gerard B. Wegemer)
- motivation
- moral — see moral motivation
- Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
- multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of (Sonja Smets and Fernando Velázquez-Quesada)
- multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
- multiple realizability (John Bickle)
- Murdoch, Iris (Lawrence Blum)
- music
- history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800 (Matteo Ravasio)
- history of western philosophy of, since 1800 (Matteo Ravasio)
- music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
- mysticism (Richard Jones and Jerome Gellman)
- myths, Plato’s — see Plato: myths
N [jump to top]
- Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff)
- names (Sam Cumming)
- nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
- Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
- Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
- natural deduction systems in logic (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen)
- naturalism (David Papineau)
- in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalism in
- in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism
- moral (Matthew Lutz)
- natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
- natural language ontology — see ontology, natural language
- natural law
- tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
- natural logic — see logic: natural
- natural philosophy
- in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato)
- natural selection (Peter Gildenhuys)
- units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
- nature of law (Andrei Marmor and Alexander Sarch)
- interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
- legal positivism (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams)
- natural law theories (John Finnis)
- pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
- Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
- necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
- necessary beings
- and God — see God: and other necessary beings
- needs, in moral and political philosophy (Gillian Brock and David Miller)
- negation (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing)
- Négritude (Souleymane Bachir Diagne)
- Neo-Daoism (Alan Chan)
- neo-Kantianism (Jeremy Heis)
- neoliberalism (Kevin Vallier)
- Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
- Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
- neuroethics (Adina Roskies)
- neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
- neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg and Donovan Wishon)
- Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
- Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith)
- philosophy (Andrew Janiak)
- views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
- Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
- Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
- Nietzsche, Friedrich (R. Lanier Anderson)
- aesthetics (Timothy Stoll)
- life and works (Robert Wicks)
- moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
- Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo)
- noema — see Husserl, Edmund
- nominalism
- in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism
- non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism
- nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
- nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
- nonidentity problem (M. A. Roberts)
- normal form games
- logics for analyzing power in — see logic: for analyzing power in normal form games
- normative cognition, psychology of (Daniel Kelly and Stephen Setman)
- normative concepts — see concepts: normative
- normativity
- animal — see animal: normativity
- logic — see logic, normative status of
- meaning — see meaning: normativity of
- metaethics — see metaethics, normativity in
- norms of cooperation — see social norms
- Norris, John (June Yang)
- nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
- Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
- Nozick, Robert
- political philosophy (Eric Mack)
- Numenius (George Karamanolis)
O [jump to top]
- Oakeshott, Michael (Terry Nardin)
- object (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey)
- objectivity
- in ethics — see ethics: objectivity in
- scientific — see scientific objectivity
- obligation
- legal — see legal obligation and authority
- obligationes, medieval theories of (Mikko Yrjönsuuri)
- obligations
- special (Diane Jeske)
- obligations to oneself (Daniel Muñoz)
- occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
- Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade, Claude Panaccio, and Jenny Pelletier)
- olfactory perception — see perception: olfactory
- Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau and Juhana Toivanen)
- Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
- Olympiodorus, School of
- David and Elias (Christian Wildberg)
- omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
- omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
- omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
- ontological arguments (Graham Oppy, Joshua Rasmussen, and Joseph Schmid)
- ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker)
- ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
- ontology
- and information systems (Adam Pease)
- social — see social ontology
- ontology, natural language (Friederike Moltmann)
- ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston)
- operationalism (Hasok Chang)
- ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman)
- Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
- Origen (Mark J. Edwards)
- original position (Samuel Freeman)
- Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
- other minds (Anita Avramides)
- ought implies can (Peter Vranas)
- ownership, property and — see property and ownership
P [jump to top]
- pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
- pain (Murat Aydede)
- Paine, Thomas (Mark Philp)
- Pan-Africanism (Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò and Chike Jeffers)
- panentheism (John Culp)
- panpsychism (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
- pantheism (William Mander)
- Paquda, Bayha Ibn — see Ibn Paquda, Bahya
- paradox
- Curry’s — see Curry’s paradox
- Fitch’s paradox of knowability — see Fitch’s paradox of knowability
- of the liar — see liar paradox
- Russell’s paradox — see Russell’s paradox
- Simpson’s paradox — see Simpson’s paradox
- Skolem’s (Timothy Bays)
- St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
- of suspense — see suspense, paradox of
- Zeno’s paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes
- and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni)
- epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes
- paradox of tragedy (Jonathan Gilmore)
- parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum)
- Parmenides (John Palmer)
- part/whole — see mereology
- Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke and William Wood)
- Pascal’s wager (Alan Hájek)
- paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
- patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
- Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
- Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
- Peano, Giuseppe — see Peano School
- Peano School (Paola Cantù)
- Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
- Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
- logic (Sun-Joo Shin)
- theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
- Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
- perception
- action-based theories — see action-based theories of perception
- auditory (Casey O’Callaghan)
- the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
- the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou)
- epistemological problems of (Jack Lyons)
- experience and justification (Nicholas Silins)
- olfactory (Clare Batty and Benjamin Young)
- the problem of (Tim Crane and Craig French)
- perceptual learning — see learning, perceptual
- Pereira, Gómez (José Manuel García Valverde)
- perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
- persistence — see temporal parts
- personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
- and ethics (David Shoemaker)
- personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
- personal relationship goods (Anca Gheaus)
- personhood
- in classical Indian Philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood
- persons — see personal identity
- persons, treating as means — see treating persons as means
- Peter of Auvergne (Marco Toste)
- Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
- Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
- phenomenal intentionality — see intentionality: phenomenal
- phenomenological aesthetics — see aesthetics: phenomenological
- phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
- feminist (Sara Heinämaa)
- moral (John Drummond and Mark Timmons)
- of the Munich and Göttingen Circles (Alessandro Salice)
- philanthropy (Theodore M. Lechterman, Emma Saunders-Hastings, and Rob Reich)
- Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey and Anthony Celano)
- Philodemus (David Blank)
- Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
- Philo of Alexandria (Carlos Lévy)
- Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
- Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
- philosophy of biology
- in Latin America (Pablo Lorenzano)
- philosophy of mind
- feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of mind
- philosophy of science
- in Latin America (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz)
- philosophy of science, formal — see formal philosophy of science
- Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
- photography, philosophy of (Dawn M Wilson)
- phylogenetic inference (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco)
- physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
- physics
- experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic)
- holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey and Henrique Gomes)
- intertheory relations in (Patricia Palacios)
- quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory
- structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
- symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh)
- physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
- Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
- Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Francesco [Gianfresco] (Francesco Molinarolo)
- pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
- Plato (Richard Kraut)
- aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas)
- Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
- Cratylus (David Meißner)
- ethics (Dorothea Frede and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
- ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
- friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
- method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary-Louise Gill)
- middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
- myths (Catalin Partenie)
- on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie-Grace Chappell)
- on utopia (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows)
- Parmenides (Samuel Rickless)
- rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold)
- shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
- Timaeus (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler)
- Platonism
- in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
- pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
- Plotinus (Paul Kalligas)
- pluralism
- religious — see religious diversity
- plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
- plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
- Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
- Poincaré, Henri (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump)
- Polgar, Isaac — see Polqar, Isaac
- policing, philosophy of (Gabriel Mendlow and Malcolm Thorburn)
- political obligation (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz)
- political philosophy
- political realism
- in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz)
- political theory and religion — see religion: and political theory
- Polqar, Isaac (Racheli Haliva)
- Pomponazzi, Pietro (Craig Martin)
- Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
- population genetics — see genetics: population
- pornography
- and censorship (Caroline West)
- Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
- Porta, Giambattista della (Sergius Kodera)
- Port Royal Logic (Alan Nelson and Jill Buroker)
- positivism
- logical — see logical positivism
- possibilism-actualism debate (Christopher Menzel)
- possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
- possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
- postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
- Poulain de la Barre, François (Martina Reuter)
- poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
- practical reason (R. Jay Wallace and Benjamin Kiesewetter)
- medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
- morality and — see morality: and practical reason
- and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
- pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
- pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
- defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
- game-theoretic — see game-theoretic semantics and pragmatics
- pragmatism (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway)
- prayer
- petitionary (Scott A. Davison)
- predicate calculus — see logic: classical
- predication (Kevin Mulligan and Damiano Costa)
- prediction versus accommodation (Eric Christian Barnes)
- predictivism — see prediction versus accommodation
- preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
- logic — see logic: preference
- pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne)
- prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics
- presentism (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant)
- Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
- presupposition (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger)
- Price, Henry Habberley (Arthur Schipper and Paul Snowdon)
- Price, Richard (David McNaughton)
- Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
- Priestley, Joseph (Falk Wunderlich)
- primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy (Martha Bolton)
- Principia Mathematica (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine)
- notation in (Bernard Linsky)
- principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin)
- Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
- prioritarianism as a theory of value (Matthew Adler and Nils Holtung)
- prisoner’s dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
- privacy (Beate Roessler and Judith DeCew)
- and information technology — see information technology: and privacy
- and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
- private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
- probabilities, imprecise (Seamus Bradley)
- probabilities, indeterminate — see probabilities, imprecise
- probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy (Rudolf Schuessler)
- probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
- probability and logic — see logic: and probability
- procedural fairness — see rule of law and procedural fairness
- process philosophy (Johanna Seibt)
- process theism (Donald Viney)
- Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
- procreation — see parenthood and procreation
- Prodicus — see Sophists, The
- progress (Agnes Tam and Margaret Meek Lange)
- promises (Allen Habib)
- proof theory (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg)
- development of (Jan von Plato)
- properties (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti)
- emergent — see emergent properties
- essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties
- natural (Cian Dorr)
- property
- intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma)
- property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron)
- prophecy (Scott A. Davison)
- propositional attitude reports (Michael Nelson)
- propositional function (Edwin Mares)
- propositional logic — see logic: propositional
- propositions (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank)
- singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson)
- structured (Jeffrey C. King)
- Protagoras (Mauro Bonazzi)
- providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson)
- Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
- pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science
- psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
- psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
- psychologism (Martin Kusch)
- psychology
- evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes)
- public goods (Julian Reiss)
- public health
- ethics (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya)
- publicity (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr)
- public reason (Jonathan Quong)
- Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
- moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler)
- punishment, legal (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff)
- Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
- Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
- Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
- Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)
Q [jump to top]
- Qing philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Qing philosophy
- qualia (Michael Tye)
- inverted (Alex Byrne)
- knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin and Donnchadh O Conaill)
- quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano)
- quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
- action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz)
- Bell’s Theorem — see Bell’s Theorem
- Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
- collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi)
- consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths)
- Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
- Everettian (Jeffrey Barrett)
- Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
- many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
- modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks)
- relational (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli)
- retrocausality (Simon Friederich and Peter W. Evans)
- the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
- quantum theory
- Bayesian and pragmatist views (Richard Healey)
- and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
- the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
- identity and individuality in (Steven French and Tomasz Bigaj)
- and mathematical rigor (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher)
- the measurement problem — see quantum theory: philosophical issues in
- philosophical issues in (Wayne Myrvold)
- quantum computing (Michael Cuffaro and Amit Hagar)
- quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
- quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann)
- quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles)
- quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
- uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
- queer philosophy (Kim Q. Hall)
- questions (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen)
- Quine, Willard Van Orman (Peter Hylton and Gary Kemp)
- indispensability argument — see mathematics, philosophy of: indispensability arguments in the
- New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
- quotation (Herman Cappelen, Ernest Lepore, and Matthew McKeever)
R [jump to top]
- race (Michael James and Adam Burgos)
- and aesthetics — see aesthetics: and race
- critical philosophy of — see critical philosophy of race
- Radulphus Brito (Ana María Mora-Márquez and Iacopo Costa)
- Ramsey, Frank (Fraser MacBride, Mathieu Marion, María José Frápolli, Dorothy Edgington, Edward Elliott, Sebastian Lutz, and Jeffrey Paris)
- and intergenerational welfare economics (Partha Dasgupta)
- Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
- Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long)
- randomness
- algorithmic (Francesca Zaffora Blando)
- versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
- Rasa in Classical Indian Philosophy (Dominic McIver Lopes and Catherine Prueitt)
- rational choice, normative
- expected utility (R. A. Briggs)
- rivals to expected utility (Lara Buchak)
- rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie and M. Folescu)
- rationality
- Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
- bounded — see bounded rationality
- epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of
- historicist theories of (Thomas Nickles)
- instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero)
- structural (Benjamin Kiesewetter and Alex Worsnip)
- Ratnakīrti (Patrick McAllister)
- Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
- realism (Alexander Miller)
- challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos)
- moral — see moral realism
- political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations
- scientific — see scientific realism
- structural — see structural realism
- and theory change in science (Stathis Psillos)
- reason and religious commitment — see religious commitment and reason
- reasoning
- automated (Frederic Portoraro)
- by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning
- defeasible (Robert Koons)
- moral (Henry S. Richardson)
- reasons for action
- agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
- internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder)
- justification, motivation, explanation (Maria Alvarez and Jonathan Way)
- recognition (Mattias Iser)
- reconciliation (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy)
- recursion — see recursion
- recursive functions (Walter Dean and Alberto Naibo)
- redistribution (Christian Barry)
- reduction, scientific (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick)
- in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love)
- in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in
- reference (Eliot Michaelson)
- reflective equilibrium (Carl Knight)
- Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos)
- Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Frederick C. Beiser)
- Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
- common cause principle (Christopher Hitchcock and Miklós Rédei)
- Reid, Thomas (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe)
- ethics (Terence Cuneo)
- on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
- Reinach, Adolf (Alessandro Salice, James DuBois, and Barry Smith)
- Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale and John Walsh)
- reism (Jan Woleński)
- relations (Fraser MacBride)
- medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
- relativism (Maria Baghramian and J. Adam Carter)
- moral — see moral relativism
- reliabilist epistemology (Alvin Goldman and Bob Beddor)
- religion
- and animals (Lisa Kemmerer)
- comparative philosophy of (Mikel Burley)
- concept of (Kevin Schilbrack)
- epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
- evolutionary approaches (Jason Marsh)
- feminist philosophy of — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of religion
- in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: religion
- Jewish philosophy of — see Jewish philosophy of religion
- and morality in western philosophy (John Hare and Jennifer Herdt)
- natural — see theology, natural and natural religion
- phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
- philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro)
- and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
- and science (Helen De Cruz)
- religious commitment and reason (J. L. Schellenberg)
- religious diversity (David Basinger)
- religious experience (Mark Webb)
- religious language (Michael Scott)
- reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill and J. Angelo Corlett)
- replication and reproduction (John S. Wilkins and Pierrick Bourrat)
- representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
- representation, scientific — see scientific representation
- reproducibility, scientific (Fiona Fidler and John Wilcox)
- republicanism (Frank Lovett)
- repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö)
- resistance, imaginative — see imaginative resistance
- respect (Robin S. Dillon)
- responsibility
- collective (Marion Smiley)
- restitution and unjust enrichment (Dennis Klimchuk)
- retributive justice — see justice: retributive
- revelation, divine (Mats Wahlberg)
- reverse mathematics (Benedict Eastaugh)
- revolution (Allen Buchanan and Alexander Motchoulski)
- Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
- Rickert, Heinrich (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva)
- Ricoeur, Paul (David Pellauer and Bernard Dauenhauer)
- rights (Leif Wenar)
- of children (David William Archard)
- civil — see civil rights
- group (Peter Jones)
- human (James Nickel and Adam Etinson)
- legal — see legal rights
- territorial — see territorial rights and justice
- rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
- risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
- robotics
- ethics of — see artificial intelligence: ethics of
- role obligations — see obligations: special
- Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman)
- Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
- Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
- Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
- Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
- Routley [Sylvan], Richard — see Sylvan, Richard
- Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt)
- Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
- rule-following and intentionality (Alexander Miller and Olivia Sultanescu)
- rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
- rule of law and procedural fairness (Jeremy Waldron)
- Russell, Bertrand (Andrew David Irvine)
- logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell’s
- moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
- Russell’s paradox (Andrew David Irvine and Harry Deutsch)
- Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)
S [jump to top]
- Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
- Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal and James Apple)
- Śāntideva (Charles Goodman)
- Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta] (Jonathan C. Gold)
- sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson)
- Salmon, Wesley (Maria Carla Galavotti)
- Sanches, Francisco (Rolando Pérez)
- Śaṅkara (Neil Dalal)
- Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman)
- Sartre, Jean-Paul (Jack Reynolds and Pierre-Jean Renaudie)
- scepticism — see skepticism
- Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock)
- Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
- schema (John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid)
- Schiller, Friedrich (Lydia L. Moland)
- Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
- Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
- Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
- Schlick, Moritz (Thomas Oberdan)
- Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
- scholasticism, late (Jacob Schmutz)
- Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
- Scholz, Heinrich (Volker Peckhaus)
- School of Ibn Arabi — see Ibn Arabi, school of
- School of Names (Chris Fraser)
- School of Salamanca (Thomas Izbicki and Matthias Kaufmann)
- Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
- aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay)
- Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
- science
- models in — see models in science
- and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
- theory and observation in (Nora Mills Boyd and James Bogen)
- unity of (Jordi Cat)
- science, formal philosophy of — see formal philosophy of science
- scientific discovery (Jutta Schickore)
- scientific explanation (James Woodward and Lauren Ross)
- causal approaches to (Lauren Ross and James Woodward)
- scientific knowledge
- social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
- scientific method (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen)
- scientific objectivity (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger)
- scientific pluralism (David Ludwig and Stéphanie Ruphy)
- scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
- scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
- and theory change — see realism: and theory change in science
- scientific representation (Roman Frigg and James Nguyen)
- scientific research and big data (Sabina Leonelli)
- scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
- scientific theories
- incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
- structure of (Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther)
- underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
- Scottish Philosophy
- in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie and Craig Smith)
- in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
- Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
- Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
- Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley)
- search engines and ethics — see ethics: search engines and
- Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
- secession (Allen Buchanan and Elizabeth Levinson)
- secondary qualities, in early modern philosophy — see primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy
- self
- feminist perspectives on the — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on the self
- knowledge — see self-knowledge
- self, the (Muhammad U. Faruque)
- self-consciousness (Joel Smith)
- phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
- self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
- self-defense (Helen Frowe and Jonathan Parry)
- self-doubt, epistemic (Sherrilyn Roush)
- self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
- and externalism — see externalism: and self-knowledge
- self-locating beliefs (Andy Egan and Michael G. Titelbaum)
- self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
- self-respect — see respect
- Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries and Carl Sachs)
- semantic holism — see meaning holism
- semantics
- defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
- dynamic (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser)
- game-theoretic — see game-theoretic semantics and pragmatics
- Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann)
- proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister)
- of sign language — see sign language semantics
- two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter)
- semiotics
- medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
- Seneca (Katja Vogt)
- sense data (Gary Hatfield)
- sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
- sentimentalism, moral — see moral sentimentalism
- set theory (Joan Bagaria)
- alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
- axiomatizations after Zermelo: 1920–1940 (Michael Hallett)
- constructive and intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
- continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner)
- early development (José Ferreirós)
- independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
- large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner)
- non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
- Zermelo’s axiomatization of (Michael Hallett)
- sex and sexuality (Raja Halwani)
- Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison)
- Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
- Shepherd, Mary (Martha Bolton)
- Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
- sign language semantics (Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton, and Jeremy Kuhn)
- Sikh philosophy (Arvind-Pal S. Mandair)
- Simon of Faversham (Ana María Mora-Márquez)
- simplicity (Alan Baker)
- divine (William F. Vallicella)
- Simplicius (Christoph Helmig)
- Simpson’s paradox (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger)
- simulations in science (Eric Winsberg)
- sin, in Christian thought (Kevin Timpe)
- singular terms
- medieval theories of (Julie Brumberg-Chaumont and E. Jennifer Ashworth)
- situations
- in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer)
- skeptical theism (Timothy Perrine)
- skepticism (Juan Comesaña and Peter Klein)
- about moral responsibility (Gregg Caruso)
- ancient (Katja Vogt)
- and content externalism (Michael McKinsey)
- in Latin America (Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno)
- medieval (Charles Bolyard)
- moral — see moral skepticism
- Skolem’s paradox — see paradox: Skolem’s
- slingshot argument, the (Stephen Neale)
- Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker)
- social choice theory (Christian List)
- social cognition
- animal — see animal: social cognition
- social construction
- naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon)
- social contract — see contractarianism
- contemporary approaches to (Fred D’Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher)
- social epistemology — see epistemology: social
- social institutions (Seumas Miller)
- socialism (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O’Neill)
- social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
- social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor)
- social norms (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso)
- social ontology (Brian Epstein)
- social procedures, formal approaches (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
- sociobiology (Catherine Driscoll)
- Socrates (Debra Nails and S. Sara Monoson)
- solidarity in social and political philosophy (Andrea Sangiovanni and Juri Viehoff)
- Sophie de Grouchy (Sandrine Berges)
- sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
- Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
- Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde and Diana Raffman)
- sortals (Richard E. Grandy and Max A. Freund)
- soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
- sounds (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona)
- sovereignty (Daniel Philpott)
- space and time
- absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read)
- absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read)
- being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
- conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
- epistemology of spacetime geometry (Dennis Lehmkuhl and Marco Giovanelli)
- the hole argument (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read)
- inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
- singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel)
- supertasks (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts)
- spacetime geometry, epistemology of — see space and time: epistemology of spacetime geometry
- species (Marc Ereshefsky)
- speech
- inner — see inner speech
- speech acts (Mitchell Green)
- Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
- Speusippus (Russell Dancy and Giulia De Cesaris)
- Spinoza
- epistemology and philosophy of mind (Karolina Hübner)
- Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
- modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands)
- philosophy of religion (Mogens Laerke)
- physical theory (Richard Manning)
- political philosophy (Justin Steinberg)
- psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
- theory of attributes (Noa Shein)
- theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
- sport, philosophy of (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias)
- square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
- Śrīgupta (Allison Aitken)
- Śrīharṣa (Nilanjan Das)
- St. Petersburg paradox (Martin Peterson)
- states of affairs (Mark Textor)
- statistical physics
- Boltzmann’s work in (Jos Uffink)
- philosophy of statistical mechanics (Roman Frigg and Charlotte Werndl)
- statistics, philosophy of (Jan-Willem Romeijn)
- Stebbing, Susan (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman)
- Stein, Edith (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran)
- stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
- Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen)
- Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
- Stoicism (Marion Durand, Simon Shogry, and Dirk Baltzly)
- Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
- Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes)
- structuralism
- in mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism
- in physics — see physics: structuralism in
- structural realism (James Ladyman)
- Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
- Sturm, Johann (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel)
- style
- in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
- Suárez, Francisco (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz)
- substance (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
- substructural logics — see logic: substructural
- Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
- suicide (Michael Cholbi)
- supererogation (David Heyd)
- supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
- in ethics (Tristram McPherson)
- surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
- Susman, Margarete (Willi Goetschel)
- suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
- syllogism
- medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
- Sylvan [Routley], Richard (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber)
- symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
- synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
- Syrianus (Christian Wildberg)
- systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of (Sara Green)
T [jump to top]
- Taoism — see Daoism
- Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
- truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
- Taurellus, Nicolaus (Andreas Blank)
- techne — see episteme and techne
- technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
- teleology
- teleological arguments for God’s existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski)
- teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal)
- teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of
- Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
- temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
- temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
- tense and aspect (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott)
- terms, properties of
- medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
- territorial rights and justice (Margaret Moore)
- terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
- testimony
- epistemological problems of (Nick Leonard)
- testimony, aesthetic — see aesthetic testimony
- theater, philosophy of (James R. Hamilton)
- theism
- atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
- monotheism — see monotheism
- panentheism — see panentheism
- pantheism — see pantheism
- process — see process theism
- skeptical — see skeptical theism
- theodicies (Laura W. Ekstrom)
- theology, natural and natural religion (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom)
- Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
- Theophrastus (Katerina Ierodiakonou)
- theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas)
- thick ethical concepts (Pekka Väyrynen)
- Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
- Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
- thought, associationist theories of — see associationist theories of thought
- thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige)
- Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
- Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
- Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon)
- time (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan)
- being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
- branching — see branching time
- thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
- time machines (John Earman, Christian Wüthrich, and JB Manchak)
- time travel (Nicholas J.J. Smith)
- and modern physics (Christopher Smeenk, Frank Arntzenius, and Tim Maudlin)
- Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
- toleration (Rainer Forst)
- torts, theories of the common law of (Arthur Ripstein)
- torture (Seumas Miller)
- touch (Matthew Fulkerson)
- tragedy, paradox of — see paradox of tragedy
- transcendental arguments (Robert Stern and Tony Cheng)
- Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
- transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
- transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen)
- transformative experience (Rebecca Chan)
- trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues
- transmission of justification and warrant (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza)
- trans philosophy (Perry Zurn)
- transworld identity — see identity: transworld
- treating persons as means (Samuel Kerstein)
- trinity (Dale Tuggy)
- tropes (Anna-Sofia Maurin)
- trust (Carolyn McLeod)
- truth (Michael Glanzberg)
- axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach and Graham E. Leigh)
- coherence theory of (James O. Young)
- correspondence theory of (Marian David)
- deflationism about (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge)
- identity theory of (Richard Gaskin)
- pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright)
- pragmatic theory of (John Capps)
- primitivist theories of (Jeremy Wyatt)
- revision theory of (Philip Kremer and Edoardo Rivello)
- Tarski’s theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
- truthlikeness (Graham Oddie and Gustavo Cevolani)
- truthmakers (Fraser MacBride and Christopher Daly)
- truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
- Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm)
- Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
- Turing machines (Liesbeth De Mol)
- Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
- Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
- two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
- two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
- types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
- type theory (Thierry Coquand)
- Church’s type theory (Christoph Benzmüller and Peter Andrews)
- constructive — see type theory: intuitionistic
- intuitionistic (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren)
U [jump to top]
- ultimates
- and God — see God: and other ultimates
- Umar Khayyam (Seyed N. Mousavian, Suzanne Sumner, Mehdi Aminrazavi, and Glen Van Brummelen)
- Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
- underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford)
- understanding (Stephen Grimm)
- units and levels of natural selection — see natural selection: units and levels of
- unity of science — see science: unity of
- universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
- universals — see properties
- the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
- utilitarianism — see consequentialism
- history of (Julia Driver)
- rule — see consequentialism: rule
V [jump to top]
- vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
- vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
- Vaihinger, Hans (Timothy Stoll)
- validity — see logical truth
- Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
- value
- incommensurable (Nien-hê Hsieh and Henrik Andersson)
- intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley)
- of knowledge — see knowledge, value of
- pluralism (Elinor Mason)
- value theory (Mark Schroeder)
- Vasconcelos, José (Clinton Tolley)
- Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
- vegetarianism, ethics of (Tyler Doggett)
- veil of ignorance — see original position
- verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
- verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
- Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
- Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
- Vietnamese philosophy (Vu Hao Nguyen)
- virtue
- ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
- virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
- visual thinking in mathematics
- epistemology of (Marcus Giaquinto)
- Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
- Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
- volition — see free will
- Voltaire (J.B. Shank)
- voluntarism, doxastic — see doxastic voluntarism
- voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
- voting (Jason Brennan)
- methods (Eric Pacuit)
W [jump to top]
- Wang Yangming (Bryan Van Norden)
- war (Seth Lazar)
- Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
- warrant, transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
- Watsuji Tetsurō (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy)
- weakness of will (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky)
- Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
- weighing reasons (Chris Tucker)
- Weil, Simone (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis)
- welfare economics — see economics and economic justice
- intergenerational, and Ramsey — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics
- well-being (Roger Crisp)
- well-being and morality (Valerie Tiberius)
- Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
- Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
- Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
- Whitehead, Alfred North (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine)
- William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis and Katrin Fischer)
- William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
- William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
- William of Sherwood (Sara L. Uckelman)
- Williams, Bernard (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth)
- Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring)
- Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
- Windelband, Wilhelm (Katherina Kinzel)
- wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
- aesthetics (Garry Hagberg)
- ethics (Benjamin De Mesel and Jordi Fairhurst)
- logical atomism (Ian Proops)
- philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych)
- Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt)
- Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck)
- Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
- word meaning — see meaning: of words
- work and labor (Michael Cholbi)
- world government (Catherine Lu)
- worlds
- impossible — see impossible worlds
- possible — see possible worlds
- Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
- Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
- Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)
- political Philosophy (Stephen Lahey)
X [jump to top]
- Xenocrates (Russell Dancy)
- Xenophanes (James Lesher)
- Xenophon (Russell E. Jones)
- Xunzi (Paul R. Goldin)
Y [jump to top]
- Yogācāra (Szilvia Szanyi)
- Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin)
Z [jump to top]
- Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli and Tawrin Baker)
- Zeno of Elea (John Palmer)
- Zeno’s paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
- Zermelo, Ernst
- axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo’s axiomatization of
- Zhuangzi (Chad Hansen)
- Zhu Xi (Kirill Thompson)
- zombies (Robert Kirk)