Projected Table of Contents

A

• abduction (Igor Douven)
• Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King and Andrew Arlig)
• Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
• abilities (John Maier and Sophie Kikkert)
• Abner of Burgos (Shalom Sadik)
• abortion, ethics of (Elizabeth Harman)
• Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
• abstract objects (José L. Falguera, Concha Martínez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen)
• Abū l-Barakāt (Lukas Muehlethaler)
• academic freedom (Jacob T. Levy)
• accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental properties
• action (Juan S. Piñeros Glasscock and Sergio Tenenbaum)
  • joint — see agency: shared
  • logic of — see logic: action
  • practical reason and the structure of — see practical reason: and the structure of actions
  • reasons for action – agent-neutral vs. agent-relative — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
  • reasons for action – internal vs. external — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
  • reasons for action – justification, motivation, explanation — see reasons for action: justification, motivation, explanation
• action-based theories of perception (Robert Briscoe, Rick Grush, and Alison Springle)
• action at a distance — see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
• actualism — see possibilism-actualism debate
• actualism and possibilism in ethics (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen)
• adaptationism (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber)
• Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
• Adorno, Theodor W. (Henry Pickford and Lambert Zuidervaart)
• advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
• Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
• Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
• aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
• aesthetic experience (Antonia Peacocke)
• aesthetics
  • 19th Century Romantic (Keren Gorodeisky)
  • aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
  • Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
  • British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
  • Chinese Philosophy (Yolaine Escande)
  • and cognitive science (Jon Robson and Gregory Currie)
  • Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
  • Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
  • cultural appropriation — see cultural heritage, ethics of
  • definition of art — see art, definition of
  • Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
  • environmental (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson)
  • existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
  • feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics
  • French, in the 18th century (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot)
  • Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
  • German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
  • Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
  • Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics
  • Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
  • Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
  • in critical theory (Owen Hulatt)
  • interpretation of art — see art: interpretation
  • Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
  • late ancient and medieval (John Marenbon)
  • Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics
  • phenomenological (Fiona Hughes)
  • Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
  • and race (Monique Roelofs)
  • Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
  • Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
• aesthetics of the everyday (Yuriko Saito)
• aesthetic testimony (Jon Robson and Rebecca Wallbank)
• aesthetic value — see aesthetic, concept of the
• affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
• Africana Philosophy (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
  • contemporary (Paul C. Taylor)
• African Philosophy
  • ethics (Kwame Gyekye)
  • sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
• afterlife (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro)
• agency (Markus Schlosser)
  • shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
• agent-based modeling in philosophy of science — see modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based
• agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
• agnosticism (Paul Draper and Elizabeth Jackson)
• agnosticism and atheism — see atheism and agnosticism
• Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
• Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Vittoria Perrone Compagni)
• Ajdukiewicz, Kasimierz (Peter Simons)
• Akan Philosophy
  • of the person (Ajume Wingo)
• akrasia — see weakness of will
• al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo)
• al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr (Sayeh Meisami and Reza Hadisi)
• al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart)
  • metaphysics (Stephen Menn)
  • philosophy of logic and language (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart)
  • philosophy of society and religion (Nadja Germann)
  • psychology and epistemology (Luis Xavier López-Farjeat)
• al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
• al-Khūnajī, Afḍal al-Dīn (Behnam Zolghadr)
• al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
• al-Qudat, ʿAyn (Muhammad U. Faruque and Mohammed Rustom)
• al-Razi, Abu Bakr (Peter Adamson)
• al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich)
• Albalag, Isaac (Bakinaz Abdalla)
• Alberic of Paris (Heine Hansen and Boaz Faraday Schuman)
• Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
• Albert the Great [= Albertus Magnus] (Markus Führer)
• Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich and Shira Weiss)
• Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
• Alexander, Samuel (Emily A. E. Thomas)
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede and Marije Martijn)
• algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
• algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris)
• algorithmic fairness — see fairness: algorithmic
• alienation (David Leopold)
• Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
• altruism (Richard Kraut)
  • biological (Samir Okasha)
  • empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Armin Schulz, and Lachlan Walmsley)
• Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
• ambiguity (Adam Sennet)
• Ammonius (David Blank)
• Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
• analogy
  • medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D’Ettore)
• analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha)
• analysis (Michael Beaney and Thomas Raysmith)
• analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
• anaphora (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis)
• anarchism (Andrew Fiala)
• Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
• Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
• Anderson, John (Creagh McLean Cole)
• Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
• animal
  • cognition (Kristin Andrews and Susana Monsó)
  • communication (Richard Moore and Giulia Palazzolo)
  • consciousness (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman)
  • normativity (Simon Fitzpatrick)
  • social cognition (Cameron Buckner)
• animalism (Stephan Blatti)
• animals
  • and religion — see religion: and animals
• animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen and Susana Monsó)
• animal thought (Laura Danón)
• anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
• Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Eric Wiland and Julia Driver)
• Anselm of Canterbury [Anselm of Bec] (Thomas Williams)
• anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
• Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
• a posteriori knowledge — see a priori justification and knowledge
• appearance vs. reality
  • epistemological problems of perception — see perception: epistemological problems of
  • skepticism — see skepticism
• a priori justification and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
• Aquinas, Thomas (Robert Pasnau)
  • moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
  • metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci)
  • natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
  • philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street and Nadja Germann)
  • philosophy of logic (Tony Street and Riccardo Strobino)
  • philosophy of mathematics (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour)
  • philosophy of religion (Jon McGinnis and Rahim Acar)
  • psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
  • Greek sources (Cristina D’Ancona)
  • influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought (Mauro Zonta and Charles Manekin)
  • influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Dag Nikolaus Hasse)
• Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
  • essence and existence (Fedor Benevich)
  • Ibn Kammūna — see Ibn Kammūna
  • Ikhwān al-Safā’ — see Ikhwān al-Safā’
  • mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
• Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
• architecture, philosophy of (Saul Fisher)
• Archytas (Carl Huffman)
• Arendt, Hannah (Tatjana Tömmel and Maurizio Passerin d’Entreves)
• arete — see ethics: ancient
• argument and argumentation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes)
• arguments for epistemic norms
  • epistemic utility — see epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms
• Aristippus — see Cyrenaics
• Aristotelianism
  • commentators on Aristotle — see Aristotle, commentators on
  • in the Renaissance (David Lines)
• Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
  • De Motu Animalium (Klaus Corcilius)
  • Sophistical Refutations (Annamaria Schiaparelli)
  • Topics (Carrie Swanson)
• Aristotle, commentators on (Andrea Falcon)
  • Alexander of Aphrosias — see Alexander of Aphrodisias
  • Ammonius — see Ammonius
  • David — see David
  • Elias — see Elias
  • Olympiodorus — see Olympiodorus
  • Philoponus — see Philoponus
  • Simplicius — see Simplicius
• Aristotle, General Topics
  • aesthetics (Pierre Destrée)
  • biology (James Lennox)
  • categories (Paul Studtmann)
  • ethics (Richard Kraut)
  • logic (Robin Smith)
  • metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve)
  • political theory (Fred Miller)
  • psychology (Christopher Shields)
  • rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
• Aristotle, Special Topics
  • causality (Andrea Falcon)
  • mathematics (Henry Mendell)
  • natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
  • on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
  • textual transmission of Aristotelian corpus (Justin Winzenrieth)
• Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
• Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
• Arrow’s theorem (Michael Morreau)
• art
  • erotic (Hans Maes)
  • interpretation (Stacie Friend)
• art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
• art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
• art and aesthetics
  • experimental philosophy of (Elzė Sigutė Mikalonytė, Ryan Doran, and Shen-yi Liao)
• art and ethical value (Anne W. Eaton and Nils Stear)
• artifact (Beth Preston)
• artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu)
  • automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
  • belief representation — see belief, formal representations of
  • Chinese room argument — see Chinese room argument
  • connectionism — see connectionism
  • defeasible reasoning — see reasoning: defeasible
  • epistemology of (Claus Beisbart)
  • ethics of (Vincent C. Müller)
  • frame problem — see frame problem
  • logic-based (Richmond Thomason)
  • Turing test — see Turing test
• Ashʿarism, classical (Francesco Zamboni)
• aspect — see tense and aspect
• assertion (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili)
• associationist theories of thought (Eric Mandelbaum and Raphaël Millière)
• Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
• atheism (Paul Draper and Felipe Leon)
• atheism and agnosticism (Paul Draper)
• atomism
  • 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
  • ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
• atonement (Joshua C. Thurow)
• attention (Christopher Mole)
• attributes — see properties
• auditory perception — see perception: auditory
• Augustine of Hippo (Christian Tornau)
• Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
• Austin, John (Brian Bix)
• Austin, John Langshaw (Guy Longworth)
• authenticity (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon)
• authoritarianism (Alexander Kirshner)
• authority (Tom Christiano and Stefan Sciaraffa)
  • legal — see legal obligation and authority
• automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
• autonomy
  • and informed consent — see informed consent
  • in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
  • personal (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund)
• Averroes — see Ibn Rushd
  • metaphysics — see Ibn Rushd: metaphysics
  • natural philosophy — see Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy
  • philosophy of religion — see Ibn Rushd: philosophy of religion
  • psychology — see Ibn Rushd: psychology
• Avicebron — see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
• Avicenna — see Ibn Sina
  • logic — see Ibn Sina: logic
  • metaphysics — see Ibn Sina: metaphysics
  • natural philosophy — see Ibn Sina: natural philosophy
• awareness, bodily — see bodily awareness
• awareness in logic, game theory, and decision theory (Gaia Belardinelli, Rasmus Rendsvig, and Burkhard C. Schipper)
• Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald, Ádám Tamás Tuboly, and Nikhil Krishnan)

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B [jump to top]

• Bacon, Francis (Jürgen Klein)
• Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
• Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
• Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
• Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
• Bayes’ Theorem (James Joyce)
• Bayle, Pierre (Michael Hickson)
• Beardsley, Monroe C.
  • aesthetics (Michael Wreen)
• Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• beauty (Crispin Sartwell)
• Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke)
• behaviorism (George Graham)
• being — see existence
• being and becoming — see time
  • in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
• belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
  • self-locating — see self-locating beliefs
• belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
• belief, formal representations of (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber)
• belief merging and judgment aggregation (Gabriella Pigozzi)
• Bell’s Theorem (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony)
• beneficence (Theron Pummer)
• beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
• Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles)
• Bentham, Jeremy (James E. Crimmins)
• Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard)
• Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
• Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
• Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (Eva Del Soldato)
• bias, implicit (Michael Brownstein)
• binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
• biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
• bioethics
  • in Latin American (Gustavo Ortiz Millan, Florencia Luna, and Eduardo Rivera López)
• biological development
  • theories of (Melinda Bonnie Fagan and Jane Maienschein)
• biological individuals (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker)
• biological information — see information: biological
• biology
  • conservation — see conservation biology
  • developmental — see developmental biology
  • experiment in (Marcel Weber)
  • molecular — see molecular biology
  • philosophy of (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths)
  • reduction in — see reduction, scientific: in biology
  • teleological notions in — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
• biology, philosophy of
  • feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology
• biomedicine, philosophy of (Sean Valles and Yael Friedman)
• Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• blame (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates)
• Bloch, Ernst (Ivan Boldyrev)
• bodily awareness (Frédérique de Vignemont)
• Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
• body — see substance
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
• Boethius of Dacia (Sten Ebbesen)
• Bohr, Niels
  • correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich)
• Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
  • logic (Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestik)
• Bonaventure (Tim Noone, R. E. Houser, and Joshua Benson)
• Book of Causes [= Liber de causis] (Richard Taylor)
• Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
• Boolean algebra
  • the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
• Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
• boundary (Achille Varzi)
• bounded rationality (Gregory Wheeler)
• Boyle, Robert (Peter Anstey and Jan-Erik Jones)
• Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
  • moral philosophy (Dina Babushkina and David Crossley)
  • Regress (Katarina Perovic)
• brain death — see death: definition of
• brains in a vat — see skepticism: and content externalism
• branching time (Giuseppe Spolaore and Alberto Zanardo)
• Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
  • theory of judgement (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor)
• Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
• Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
• Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
• Buber, Martin (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman)
• Buddha (Mark Siderits)
• Buddhism
  • Chan — see Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism
  • ethics in Indian Buddhism — see ethics: in Indian Buddhism
  • ethics in Tibetan Buddhism — see ethics: in Tibetan Buddhism
  • Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Buddhism
  • mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy — see mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy
  • Tiantai — see Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism
  • Zen — see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
• Buddhism: Huayan — see Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism
• bundle theory — see substance
• Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
• Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
• Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
• Burnett, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Butler, Joseph
  • moral philosophy (Aaron Garrett)
• Byzantine Philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje Bydén)

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C [jump to top]

• Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
• Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca)
• Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Camus, Albert (Ronald Aronson)
• cancer (Anya Plutynski and Lucie Laplane)
• capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov)
• capitalism (Chiara Cordelli)
• capital punishment (Claire Finkelstein)
• Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo] (Guido Giglioni and Jonathan Regier)
• Carmichael, Gershom — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb and André Carus)
• Carneades (James Allen)
• Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
• casuistry — see reasoning: moral
• categories (Amie Thomasson)
  • medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
• category mistakes (Ofra Magidor)
• category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
• causal determinism — see determinism: causal
• causal models (Christopher Hitchcock)
• causation
  • backward (Jan Faye)
  • counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee)
  • in Arabic and Islamic thought (Kara Richardson)
  • in physics (Mathias Frisch)
  • in the law (Michael Moore)
  • and manipulability (James Woodward)
  • medieval theories of (Graham White)
  • mental — see mental causation
  • the metaphysics of (J. Dmitri Gallow)
  • probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
  • regularity and inferential theories of (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther)
  • retrocausality in quantum mechanics — see quantum mechanics: retrocausality
• Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
• cell biology, philosophy of (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen)
• cellular automata (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue)
• censorship — see pornography: and censorship
• certainty (Baron Reed)
• ceteris paribus laws — see laws of nature: ceteris paribus
• chance
  • versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
• change
  • and inconsistency (Chris Mortensen)
• change: Chinese philosophy of — see Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change
• chaos (Robert Bishop)
• character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
  • empirical approaches (Christian B. Miller)
• Châtelet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen)
• Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier)
• chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
• childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin)
• children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
• Chile
  • philosophy in (Ivan Jaksic)
• chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
• Chinese Confucianism
  • Modern Confucianism (David Elstein)
• Chinese ethics — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
• Chinese Philosophy
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: Chinese Philosophy
  • Chan Buddhism (Peter Hershock)
  • Chinese medicine (Lisa Raphals)
  • Compared to Western Philosophy — see comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western
  • Confucius — see Confucius
  • contemporary (Chung-yi Cheng)
  • Dai Zhen — see Dai Zhen
  • Daoism (Taoism) — see Daoism
  • emotions in early Chinese Philosophy (Bongrae Seok)
  • epistemology (Jana Rošker)
  • ethics (David Wong)
  • Han Dynasty (Alexus McLeod)
  • Huayan Buddhism (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones)
  • Laozi — see Laozi
  • legalism in (Yuri Pines)
  • logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy (Marshall D. Willman)
  • Mencius — see Mencius
  • metaphysics (Franklin Perkins)
  • mind (heart-mind) (David Wong)
  • Mohism (Chris Fraser)
  • Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
  • Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism
  • philosophy of change (Tze-Ki Hon)
  • Qing philosophy (On-cho Ng)
  • religion (Ellen Zhang)
  • science (Lisa Raphals)
  • social and political thought (Stephen C. Angle)
  • Song-Ming Confucianism (Justin Tiwald)
  • Tiantai Buddhism (Brook Ziporyn)
  • translating and interpreting (Chad Hansen, David Wong, and Henry Rosemont Jr.)
  • Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming
  • Xunzi — see Xunzi
  • Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi
  • Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi
• Chinese room argument (David Cole)
• Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
• choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
• choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
• choice, social — see social choice theory
• Christian theology, philosophy and (William Wood)
• Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall)
• Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
• Church’s Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
• Cicero (Raphael Woolf)
• citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
• civic education (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine)
• civic humanism (Cary Nederman)
• civil disobedience (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee)
• civil rights (Robin L. West)
• Clarke, Samuel (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati)
• Clauberg, Johannes (Nabeel Hamid)
• Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• climate justice — see justice: climate
• climate science (Wendy Parker)
• clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• cloning (Katrien Devolder)
• Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
• coercion (Scott Anderson)
• cognition
  • animal — see animal: cognition
  • embodied (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding)
• cognitive disability and moral status (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
• cognitive penetration (Steven Gross and Chaz Firestone)
• cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
• cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
• Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
• Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D’Oro and James Connelly)
  • aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
• colonialism (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy)
• color (Barry Maund)
• common cause principle — see Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle
• common good (Waheed Hussain and Margaret Kohn)
• common ground in pragmatics (Bart Geurts)
• common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
• communication
  • animal — see animal: communication
• communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
• comparative cognition, methods in (Marta Halina)
• comparative philosophy
  • Chinese and Western (David Wong)
• compatibilism (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates)
• competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making capacity
• complexity
  • computability and — see computability and complexity
  • computational — see computational complexity theory
• composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
• compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
• computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
• computation
  • in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini)
• computational complexity theory (Walter Dean)
• computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational
• computational philosophy (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer)
• computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
• computer science, philosophy of (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner)
• computing
  • modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
  • and moral responsibility (Merel Noorman)
• Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
• concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
  • normative (Laura Schroeter, Francois Schroeter, and Stephen Finlay)
• condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
• Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi)
• conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
  • counterfactual (Willow Starr and Alex Kocurek)
  • logic of — see logic: conditionals
• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
  • in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
• confirmation (Vincenzo Crupi)
• Confucianism
  • gender in Confucian philosophy (Li-Hsiang Rosenlee)
  • Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: Confucian
  • Korean — see Korean Philosophy: Confucianism
  • Mencius — see Mencius
  • Modern Confucianism — see Chinese Confucianism: Modern Confucianism
  • Song-Ming — see Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism
  • Wang Yangming — see Wang Yangming
  • Xunzi — see Xunzi
  • Zhu Xi — see Zhu Xi
• Confucius (Mark Csikszentmihalyi)
• connectionism (Cameron Buckner and James Garson)
• connectives
  • sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
• conscience (Alberto Giubilini)
  • medieval theories of (Peter Eardley)
• consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
  • animal — see animal: consciousness
  • higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro)
  • and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
  • neuroscience of (Wayne Wu and Jorge Morales)
  • representational theories of (William Lycan)
  • seventeenth-century theories of (Larry M. Jorgensen)
  • temporal (Barry Dainton)
  • unity of (Farid Masrour, Andrew Brook, and Paul Raymont)
• consent (Tom Dougherty)
• consent, sexual (Kate Greasley)
• consequence, medieval theories of (Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Milo Crimi)
• consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
  • rule (Brad Hooker)
• consequentializing (Douglas W. Portmore)
• conservation biology (Jay Odenbaugh)
• conservatism (Andy Hamilton)
• constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow and Dimitrios Kyritsis)
• constructive empiricism (Chad Mohler and Bradley Monton)
• constructivism
  • in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
  • in political philosophy (Andrew Williams)
• content externalism and skepticism — see skepticism: and content externalism
• contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
• Continental Rationalism (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon)
• continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
• continuum hypothesis — see set theory: continuum hypothesis
• contractarianism (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari)
• contract law, philosophy of (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq)
• contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
• contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
• convention (Michael Rescorla)
  • moral/conventional distinction — see moral/conventional distinction
• Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
• Cooper, Anna Julia (Kathryn Sophia Belle)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
• Cordemoy, Géraud de (Fred Ablondi)
• corruption (Seumas Miller)
• cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
• cosmology
  • methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
  • and theology (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh)
• cosmology, philosophy of (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis)
• cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
• counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual
• counterpart theory — see possible objects
• Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
• creation and conservation (David Vander Laan)
• creationism (Michael Ruse)
• creativity (Elliot Samuel Paul and Dustin Stokes)
• Crescas, Hasdai (Shalom Sadik)
• criminal law, theories of (James Edwards)
• critical philosophy of race (Linda Alcoff)
• critical race theory — see critical philosophy of race
• critical theory (Robin Celikates and Jeffrey Flynn)
  • aesthetics in — see aesthetics: in critical theory
• critical thinking (David Hitchcock)
• Croce, Benedetto (Gary Kemp and Richard Bellamy)
  • aesthetics (Gary Kemp)
• Crummell, Alexander (Stephen Thompson)
• Cudworth, Ralph (Sarah Hutton)
• Cugoano, Ottobah (Antonia LoLordo)
• cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
• cultural heritage, ethics of (Erich Hatala Matthes)
• culture (Patti Tamara Lenard)
  • and cognitive science (Daniel Kelly and Andreas De Block)
• Curry’s paradox (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall)
• Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)
• Cynics, in ancient Greek philosophy (Eric Brown and Isabelle Chouinard)
• Cyrenaics (Voula Tsouna)

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D [jump to top]

• Dai Zhen (Frank Y. C. Chong and Chris Fraser)
• d’Alembert, Jean le Rond (Ronald Calinger and Marius Stan)
• Damascius (Jonathan Greig)
• Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
• dance, philosophy of (Renee Conroy and Aili Bresnahan)
• Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander)
• Daoism (Chad Hansen)
  • Laozi — see Laozi
  • Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Daoism
  • religious (Fabrizio Pregadio)
  • Zhuang Zi — see Zhuangzi
• Darwin, Charles
  • from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man — see evolution: from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man
• Darwinism (James Lennox and Charles H. Pence)
• Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
• Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
• David (Christian Wildberg)
• Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
• death (Steven Luper)
  • definition of (David DeGrazia)
• death penalty — see capital punishment
• de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
• deception (James Edwin Mahon and Don Fallis)
  • definition of — see lying and deception: definition of
  • self — see self-deception
• decision-making capacity (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland)
• decision theory (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson)
  • causal (Paul Weirich)
  • descriptive (Jake Chandler)
  • expected utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: expected utility
  • non-expected-utility theories of rational choice — see rational choice, normative: rivals to expected utility
• Dedekind, Richard
  • contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
• deductivism in the philosophy of mathematics (Alexander Paseau and Fabian Pregel)
• defaults in semantics and pragmatics (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt)
• definitions (Anil Gupta and Stephen Mackereth)
• dehumanization (Ben Phillips)
• Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith, John Protevi, and Daniela Voss)
• Delmedigo, Elijah (Michael Engel)
• delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
• demarcation of science — see science: and pseudo-science
• democracy (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj)
  • economic (Lisa Herzog)
  • global (Jonathan Kuyper)
• Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
• demonstration
  • Aristotle’s theory of — see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
  • medieval theories of (John Longeway)
• demonstratives — see indexicals
• denotation — see reference
• deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
• dependence, ontological (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe)
• depiction (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki)
• Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
• Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
  • epistemology (Lex Newman)
  • ethics (Donald Rutherford)
  • life and works (Kurt Smith)
  • mathematics (Mary Domski)
  • method (Tarek R. Dika)
  • modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
  • ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
  • physics (Edward Slowik)
  • and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
  • theory of ideas (Kurt Smith)
• descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
• desert (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow)
• Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
• design, argument from — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
• desire (Tim Schroeder)
• de Staël, Germaine (Kristin Gjesdal)
• determinates and determinables (Jessica Wilson)
• determinism
  • ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of
  • causal (Carl Hoefer)
• developmental biology (Alan Love)
  • evolution and development (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert)
  • theories of — see biological development: theories of
• Dewey, John (David Hildebrand)
  • aesthetics (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka)
  • moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
• Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
• diagrams
  • and diagrammatical reasoning (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma)
  • epistemology of — see visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of
• Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien and Matthew Duncombe)
• dialectics, Hegel’s — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics
• dialetheism (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber)
• Diderot, Denis (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank)
• Dietrich of Freiberg (Sylvain Roudaut, Véronique Decaix, and Markus Führer)
• digital art, philosophy of (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser)
• dignity (Remy Debes)
• Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
• Diodorus Cronus (Matthew Duncombe)
• Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
• Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
• dirty hands, the problem of (C.A.J. Coady)
• disability
  • critical disability theory (Melinda C. Hall)
  • definitions and models (David Wasserman and Sean Aas)
  • feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability
  • health, well-being, personal relationships (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam)
  • and health care rationing (Jerome Bickenbach)
  • and justice (Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch)
• disagreement (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson)
  • moral — see moral disagreement
• discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier)
• discrimination (Andrew Altman)
• disease — see health
• disjunction (Maria Aloni)
• dispositions (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara)
• Dissoi Logoi — see Sophists, The
• distributive justice — see justice: distributive
  • and empirical moral psychology (Christian B. Miller)
  • international — see justice: international distributive
• diversity
  • religious — see religious diversity
• divine
  • command theory — see voluntarism, theological
  • foreknowledge and free will — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
  • freedom — see freedom: divine
  • hiddenness — see hiddenness of God
  • illumination (Robert Pasnau)
  • providence — see providence, divine
  • revelation — see revelation, divine
  • simplicity — see simplicity: divine
• doing vs. allowing harm (Fiona Woollard, Frances Howard-Snyder, and Charlotte Unruh)
• domestic partnership and marriage — see marriage and domestic partnership
• domination (Richard C. McCammon)
• donation and sale of human eggs and sperm (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams)
• donation of human organs (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson)
• double consciousness (John P. Pittman)
• double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
• Douglass, Frederick (Ronald Sundstrom)
• doxastic voluntarism (Mark Boespflug and Elizabeth Jackson)
• doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld and David Runia)
• dreams and dreaming (Jennifer M. Windt)
• dualism (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
• Du Bois, W.E.B. (Robert Gooding-Williams)
• Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron)
• Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
• Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
• Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
• dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic
• dynamic semantics — see semantics: dynamic

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E [jump to top]

• Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
• Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
• ecological genetics — see genetics: ecological
• ecology (Alkistis Elliott-Graves)
  • biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
  • conservation biology — see conservation biology
• economic democracy — see democracy: economic
• economics
  • in early modern philosophy (Margaret Schabas)
  • philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
  • Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics
• economics [normative] and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
• education, philosophy of (Randall Curren)
• Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
• egalitarianism (Juliana Bidadanure and David Axelsen)
• egoism (Robert Shaver)
• Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna)
• Einstein, Albert
  • the hole argument — see space and time: the hole argument
  • philosophy of science (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli)
• Elias (Christian Wildberg)
• Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia (Lisa Shapiro)
• emergent properties (Timothy O’Connor)
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
• emotion (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa)
  • 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
  • in Early Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy
  • in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
  • responses to fiction — see fiction: emotional responses to
• empathy (Karsten Stueber)
• Empedocles (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry)
• empirical approaches
  • altruism — see altruism: empirical approaches
  • character, moral — see character, moral: empirical approaches
  • moral responsibility — see moral responsibility: empirical approaches
  • psychology of normative cognition — see normative cognition, psychology of
• empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
  • ancient and medieval (Gregory W. Dawes)
  • constructive — see constructive empiricism
  • logical (Richard Creath)
• end of life, aging and (Simon Keller and Monika Betzler)
• Engels, Friedrich (Matthew Shafer)
• Enlightenment (William Bristow)
• entailment — see logical consequence
• entity realism (Matthias Egg, Frederick Britt, and Mahdi Khalili)
• entropy
  • and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
• envy (Justin D’Arms)
• Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
• Epicurus (David Konstan)
• epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
• episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
• epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
• epistemic closure (Steven Luper)
• epistemic injustice (Lauren Leydon-Hardy and Eric Bayruns García)
• epistemic oppression (Tempest Henning)
• epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
• epistemic self-doubt — see self-doubt, epistemic
• epistemic utility arguments for epistemic norms (Richard Pettigrew)
• epistemology (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta)
  • of artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: epistemology of
  • Bayesian (Hanti Lin)
  • contextualism in — see contextualism, epistemic
  • evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
  • feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science
  • in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology
  • in Latin America (Diego Machuca)
  • moral — see moral epistemology
  • moral, a priorism in — see moral epistemology: a priorism in
  • naturalism in (Patrick Rysiew)
  • reliabilist — see reliabilist epistemology
  • social (Cailin O’Connor, Sanford Goldberg, and Alvin Goldman)
  • social feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology
  • virtue (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco)
• epistemology, formal (Jonathan Weisberg)
• epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
• equality (Stefan Gosepath)
  • of educational opportunity (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz)
  • of opportunity (Gideon Elford)
• equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Fernflores)
• Erasmus, Desiderius (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail)
• ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
• Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu)
• Erlangen School (methodological constructivism) — see methodological constructivism (Erlangen School)
• essence, real — see Locke, John: on real essence
• essentialism — see essential vs. accidental properties
• essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson Ishii and Philip Atkins)
• eternity, in Christian thought (Natalja Deng)
• ethics
  • actualism and possibilism — see actualism and possibilism in ethics
  • ancient (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud)
  • of belief — see belief, ethics of
  • business (Jeffrey Moriarty)
  • Chinese — see Chinese Philosophy: ethics
  • deontological (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore)
  • environmental (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo)
  • feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics
  • in Hinduism (Purushottama Bilimoria)
  • in Indian Buddhism (Charles Goodman and Aaron Schultz)
  • internet research (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer)
  • in Tibetan Buddhism (Emily McRae and Nicolas Bommarito)
  • natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
  • objectivity in (Melissa Barry)
  • and personal identity — see personal identity: and ethics
  • search engines and (Herman Tavani and Michael Zimmer)
  • and social networking — see social networking and ethics
  • thick concepts — see thick ethical concepts
  • utilitarian — see consequentialism
  • virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove)
• ethics, African — see African Philosophy: ethics
• ethics, applied
  • phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology — see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
• ethics, biomedical
  • abortion, ethics of — see abortion, ethics of
  • advance directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
  • chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
  • clinical research (David Wendler)
  • cloning — see cloning
  • decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
  • disability — see disability: definitions and models
  • disease and health, concepts of — see health
  • the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm — see donation and sale of human eggs and sperm
  • the donation of human organs — see donation of human organs
  • human enhancement — see human enhancement
  • informed consent — see informed consent
  • justice, inequality, and health (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan)
  • justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
  • pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
  • privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
  • public health ethics — see public health: ethics
  • the sale of human organs — see sale of human organs
  • stem cell research (Andrew Siegel)
  • theory (Jennifer Flynn)
• eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
• Eudoxus (Victor Gysembergh)
• eugenics (Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Sara Goering)
• Euler, Leonhard (Michael Veldman)
• euthanasia
  • voluntary (Robert Young)
• events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• evidence (Thomas Kelly)
  • the legal concept of (Hock Lai Ho)
  • scientific — see confirmation
• evidence, higher-order (Sophie Horowitz)
• evil
  • concept of (Todd Calder)
  • kinds and origins (Andrew Chignell)
  • problem of (Michael Tooley)
• evolution (Roberta L. Millstein)
  • concept before Darwin (Phillip Sloan)
  • cultural (Tim Lewens and Andrew Buskell)
  • from the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man (Phillip Sloan)
• evolutionary approaches to religion — see religion: evolutionary approaches
• evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary biology
• evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
• evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
• existence (Michael Nelson)
• existentialism (Kevin Aho)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
  • Mexican (Carlos Sánchez)
• experience, aesthetic — see aesthetic experience
• experimental jurisprudence — see jurisprudence, experimental
• experimental moral philosophy (Mark Alfano, Edouard Machery, Alexandra Plakias, and Don Loeb)
• experimental philosophy (Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols)
  • and foundational issues (Joachim Horvath and Jenny Nado)
  • and metaphilosophyd — see experimental philosophy: and foundational issues
• experimental philosophy of art and aesthetics — see art and aesthetics: experimental philosophy of
• experimentation
  • in biology — see biology: experiment in
  • in physics — see physics: experiment in
• explanation
  • mathematical — see mathematical: explanation
  • metaphysics — see metaphysical explanation
  • scientific — see scientific explanation
• exploitation (Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer)
• externalism
  • and self-knowledge (T. Parent)
• externalism about the mind (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch)
• extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
• Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham

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F [jump to top]

• facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
• fairness (Brad Hooker)
  • algorithmic (Deborah Hellman)
• faith (John Bishop and Daniel J. McKaughan)
• Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
• fallacies (Hans Hansen)
• Fanon, Frantz (John Drabinski)
• fatalism (Hugh Rice)
• Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Frederick C. Beiser)
• federalism (Andreas Follesdal)
• Feigl, Herbert (Matthias Neuber)
• Fell, Margaret (Jacqueline Broad)
• feminist philosophy (Noëlle McAfee, Ann Garry, Anita Superson, Heidi Grasswick, and Serene Khader)
• feminist philosophy, approaches
  • analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
  • Black feminist philosophy (Lindsey Stewart)
  • continental philosophy (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown)
  • intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
  • intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan and Erin Tarver)
  • Latin American feminism (Stephanie Rivera Berruz)
  • pragmatism (Judy Whipps and Danielle Lake)
  • psychoanalytic philosophy (Claudia Leeb and Emily Zakin)
• feminist philosophy, interventions
  • aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer and Peg Brand Weiser)
  • bioethics (Jackie Leach Scully)
  • environmental philosophy (Karen J. Warren)
  • epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
  • ethics (Kathryn Norlock and Jordan Pascoe)
  • history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt, Lisa Shapiro, Christina Van Dyke, Lydia L. Moland, and Marcia Robinson)
  • liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
  • metaphysics (Katharine Jenkins, Matthew Cull, Sally Haslanger, and Ásta)
  • moral psychology (Anita Superson)
  • philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr and Letitia Meynell)
  • philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul, Esa Diaz-Leon, and Samia Hesni)
  • philosophy of law (Leslie Francis)
  • philosophy of mind (Jennifer McWeeny)
  • philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry and Mary-Jane Rubenstein)
  • political philosophy (Noëlle McAfee and Katie B. Howard)
  • social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
• feminist philosophy, topics
  • perspectives on argumentation (Catherine E. Hundleby)
  • perspectives on autonomy (Natalie Stoljar)
  • perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel)
  • perspectives on disability (Anita Silvers)
  • perspectives on globalization (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox)
  • perspectives on objectification (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki)
  • perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
  • perspectives on rape (Rebecca Whisnant)
  • perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
  • perspectives on science (Sharon Crasnow)
  • perspectives on sex and gender (Mari Mikkola)
  • perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
  • perspectives on the body (Kathleen Lennon and Clara Fischer)
  • perspectives on the self (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers)
  • perspectives on trans issues (Talia Bettcher)
• Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Todd Gooch)
• Feyerabend, Paul (Eric Oberheim and John Preston)
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
• Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher S. Celenza)
• fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
  • emotional responses to (Katie Tullmann)
  • fictional entities (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
• fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism
  • modal (Daniel Nolan)
• fideism (Richard Amesbury)
• film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
• finance, philosophy of money and — see money and finance, philosophy of
• Findlay, J.N. (Douglas Lackey)
• fine-tuning (Simon Friederich)
• finitism (Shaughan Lavine)
• Fitch’s paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
• fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
• fitting attitude theories of value (Christopher Howard)
• FitzRalph, Richard (Michael W. Dunne)
• Fleck, Ludwik (Wojciech Sady)
• folk psychology
  • as mental simulation (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon)
  • as a theory (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft)
• Foot, Philippa (John Hacker-Wright)
• foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine foreknowledge and
• forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes and Brandon Warmke)
• formal epistemology — see epistemology, formal
• formalism
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
• formal philosophy of science (Stephan Hartmann and Sebastian Lutz)
• formal representations of belief — see belief, formal representations of
• Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
• form vs. matter (Thomas Ainsworth)
• Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala)
• four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
• frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
• Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
• Frankfurt School — see critical theory
• freedom
  • academic — see academic freedom
  • ancient theories of (Tim O’Keefe)
  • of association (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins)
  • divine (Klaas Kraay)
  • positive and negative — see liberty: positive and negative
  • of speech (Jeffrey W. Howard)
• free rider problem (Garrett Cullity)
• free will (Timothy O’Connor and Christopher Franklin)
  • (nondeterministic) theories of — see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
  • divine foreknowledge and (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski)
• Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
  • controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
  • logic (Roy Cook)
  • theorem and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
• friendship (Bennett Helm)
• Fuller, Margaret (Daniel Howe)
• function
  • in biology — see teleology: teleological notions in biology
  • propositional — see propositional function
  • recursive — see recursive functions
• functionalism (Janet Levin)
• fundamentality (Tuomas E. Tahko)
• future contingents (Peter Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle)
  • medieval theories of (Gloria Frost and Simo Knuuttila)

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G [jump to top]

• Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
  • aesthetics (Nicholas Davey and Cynthia Nielsen)
• Galen (P. N. Singer)
• Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer and David Marshall Miller)
• game-theoretic semantics and pragmatics (Anton Benz and Roland Mühlenbernd)
• games
  • abstraction and completeness (Felice Cardone)
  • logic and — see logic: and games
  • logics for analyzing — see logic: for analyzing games
• game theory (Don Ross)
  • epistemic foundations of (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy)
  • and ethics (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf)
  • evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
• Gaṅgeśa (Stephen Phillips)
• Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
• gauge theories in physics (John Dougherty)
• Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] (Douglas Duckworth)
• gene (Robert Meunier)
• generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
• general relativity
  • early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
• generic generalizations (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner)
• genetic drift (Roberta L. Millstein)
• genetics (James Tabery)
  • ecological (Michael Wade)
  • genotype/phenotype distinction (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin)
  • molecular (Ken Waters)
  • population (Samir Okasha)
• genomics and postgenomics (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupré)
• geometry
  • epistemology of (Jeremy Gray and José Ferreirós)
  • finitism in (Jean Paul Van Bendegem)
  • in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
• George, Eliot (Clare Carlisle)
• Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• German Philosophy
  • in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen)
• Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
• Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
• given, the — see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
• global democracy — see democracy: global
• globalization (William Scheuerman)
• global justice — see justice: global
• God
  • and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
  • and other ultimates (Jeanine Diller)
• God, arguments for belief in
  • pragmatic — see pragmatic arguments and belief in God
• God, arguments for the existence of
  • cosmological — see cosmological argument
  • Descartes’ ontological — see Descartes, René: ontological argument
  • moral arguments (C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett)
  • ontological — see ontological arguments
  • teleological — see teleology: teleological arguments for God’s existence
• Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
• Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
• Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
  • incompleteness theorems (Panu Raatikainen)
• Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
  • aesthetics (Alessandro Giovannelli)
• goodness, perfect (Mark Murphy)
• goods, public — see public goods
• Gorampa [go rams pa] (Constance Kassor)
• grammar
  • categorial — see grammar: typelogical
  • typelogical (Michael Moortgat)
• Gramsci, Antonio (James Martin)
• gratitude (Tony Manela)
• Green, Thomas Hill (David Brink)
• Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard)
• Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
• Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis and Nicola Polloni)
• Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
• grounding, metaphysical (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon)
• group rights — see rights: group

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H [jump to top]

• Habermas, Jürgen (James Gordon Finlayson and Dafydd Huw Rees)
• haecceitism (Sam Cowling)
• haecceity — see substance
  • medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
• Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
• Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
• Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
• happiness (Dan Haybron)
• Hare, Richard Mervyn (Anthony Price)
• Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
• Hartmann, Nicolai (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli)
• Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
• hate speech (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes)
• Hayek, Friedrich (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke)
• health (Dominic Murphy)
• heart-mind, in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
• heaven and hell in Christian thought (Thomas Talbott)
• hedonism (Andrew Moore)
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
  • aesthetics (Stephen Houlgate)
  • dialectics (Julie E. Maybee)
  • social and political philosophy (Thom Brooks)
• Heidegger, Martin (Mark Wrathall)
  • aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
• hell and heaven in Christian thought — see heaven and hell in Christian thought
• Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
• Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
• Henry, Michel (Frédéric Seyler)
• Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
• Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
• Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim)
• Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
• heritability (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews)
  • inheritance systems — see inheritance systems
• hermeneutics (Theodore George)
• Heytesbury, William (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung)
• hiddenness of God (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green)
• Hilbert, David
  • controversy with Frege — see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
  • program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
• Hippias — see Sophists, The
• history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
• Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
  • moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar)
  • philosophy of science (Marcus P. Adams)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’ (Michael LeBuffe)
• holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
• Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker)
• Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
• Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse)
• hope (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl)
• Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
• human enhancement (Eric Juengst and Daniel Moseley)
• human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
• humanism
  • civic — see civic humanism
• human nature (Neil Roughley)
• human rights — see rights: human
• human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
• Humboldt, Alexander von (Dalia Nassar)
• Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling)
• Hume, David (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown)
  • aesthetics (Theodore Gracyk)
  • and Kant on causality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality
  • and Kant on morality — see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
  • moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
  • Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism (Eric Schliesser and Tamás Demeter)
  • on free will (Paul Russell)
  • on religion (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• humility — see modesty and humility
• humor, philosophy of (John Morreall)
• Husserl, Edmund (Dan Zahavi)
• Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Hutcheson, Francis (Dale Dorsey)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
• hyperintensionality (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan)

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I [jump to top]

• Iamblichus (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf)
• Ibn ‘Arabî (William Chittick)
• Ibn ʿArabi, school of (Fitzroy Morrissey and Ismail Lala)
• Ibn Bâjja [Avempace] (Josep Puig Montada)
• Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran)
• Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
• Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron] (Sarah Pessin)
• Ibn Kammūna (Tzvi Langermann)
• Ibn Paquda, Bahya (Omer Michaelis)
• Ibn Rushd [Averroes] (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau)
  • metaphysics (Matteo di Giovanni)
  • natural philosophy (Josep Puig Montada)
  • philosophy of religion (Richard Taylor)
  • psychology (Richard Taylor)
• Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (Dimitri Gutas)
  • logic (Riccardo Strobino)
  • metaphysics (Olga Lizzini)
  • natural philosophy (Jon McGinnis)
• Ibn Taymiyya (Jon Hoover)
• Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
• iconicity (Gabriel Greenberg)
• ideal and nonideal theory in political philosophy (Zofia Stemplowska and Laura Valentini)
• idealism (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann)
• idealization (Angela Potochnik)
• identity (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis)
  • of indiscernibles (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
  • over time (Andre Gallois)
  • personal — see personal identity
  • relative (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz)
  • transworld (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago)
• identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
• identity theory of mind — see mind/brain identity theory
• ideology (William Clare Roberts)
• ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
• idiolects (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez)
• Ikhwān al-Safā’ (Carmela Baffioni)
• imagery, mental — see mental imagery
• imagination (Shen-yi Liao and Tamar Gendler)
  • scientific — see scientific imagination
• imaginative resistance (Emine Hande Tuna)
• imitation game — see Turing test
• immigration (Christopher Heath Wellman)
• immortality — see afterlife
• immunology, philosophy of (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber)
• immutability (Brian Leftow)
• impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
• implicature (Wayne Davis)
  • optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke)
• implicit bias — see bias, implicit
• impossible worlds (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago)
• incarnation (Richard Cross)
• incommensurability
  • of scientific theories (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene)
  • of values — see value: incommensurable
• incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
• incompatibilism
  • (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson)
  • arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
• indexicals (David Braun)
• Indian Philosophy (Classical)
  • concept of emotion (Joerg Tuske)
  • epistemology (Stephen Phillips and Anand Vaidya)
  • language and testimony (Madhav Deshpande)
  • literal-nonliteral distinction (Malcolm Keating)
  • logic (Brendan Gillon)
  • metaphysics — see metaphysics: in classical Indian philosophy
  • monism in — see monism in Classical Indian Philosophy
  • naturalism (Amita Chatterjee)
  • perceptual experience and concepts (Monima Chadha)
  • personhood (Monima Chadha)
  • rasa — see Rasa in Classical Indian Philosophy
  • self-knowledge (Christian Coseru)
• individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
• individuals, biological — see biological individuals
• induction
  • problem of (Leah Henderson)
• inductive logic — see logic: inductive
• inequality — see equality
• inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
• inference to the best explanation — see abduction
• infinite regress arguments (Ross Cameron)
• infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
• infinity (Kenny Easwaran, Alan Hájek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy)
• informal logic — see logic: informal
• information (Pieter Adriaans)
  • biological (Marc Artiga)
  • and logic — see logic: and information
  • quantum entanglement and — see quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information
  • semantic conceptions of (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi)
• information processing
  • and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
• information technology
  • and moral values (John Sullins)
  • phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
  • and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier)
• informed consent (Nir Eyal)
• Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
• inherence — see substance
• inheritance systems (Ehud Lamm)
• innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist)
• innateness
  • and contemporary theories of cognition (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik)
  • historical controversies (Jerry Samet)
  • and language (Fiona Cowie)
• inner speech (Daniel Gregory and Peter Langland-Hassan)
• inquiry (Dennis Whitcomb, Arianna Falbo, and David Thorstad)
• insolubles [= insolubilia] (Stephen Read and Paul Vincent Spade)
• instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
• integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
• intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
• intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
• intention (Kieran Setiya)
• intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
  • collective (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid)
  • consciousness and — see consciousness: and intentionality
  • in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
  • phenomenal (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici)
• internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons for action: internal vs. external
• international law, philosophy of (John Tasioulas and Guglielmo Verdirame)
• internet research ethics — see ethics: internet research
• interpretation of art — see art: interpretation
• intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson)
• introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
• intuition (Joel Pust)
• intuitionism
  • ethics — see moral intuitionism
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism
• intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
  • development of — see logic, history of: intuitionistic logic
• intuitionistic type theory — see type theory: intuitionistic
• inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
• Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik)
• Italos, John (András Kraft)

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J [jump to top]

• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (Paolo Livieri and George di Giovanni)
• Jaina Philosophy (Marie-Hélène Gorisse)
• James, William (Russell Goodman)
• James of Viterbo (Antoine Côté)
• Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis)
  • aesthetics (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane)
  • Confucian (John Tucker)
  • Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School] (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco)
  • Kūkai (John Krummel)
  • Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
  • Nishida Kitarō — see Nishida Kitarō
  • Pure Land (Dennis Hirota)
  • Watsuji Tetsurō — see Watsuji Tetsurō
  • Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
• Jaspers, Karl (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron)
• Jayarāśi (Piotr Balcerowicz)
• Jefferson, Thomas (M. Andrew Holowchak)
• Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
• Jewish philosophy of religion
  • epistemology and theology (David Shatz and Aaron Segal)
  • ethics, society, and ritual (David Shatz and Aaron Segal)
• John of Salisbury (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman)
• Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance (Gary Ostertag)
• Judah Halevi — see Halevi, Judah
• judgment
  • aesthetic — see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
• judgment aggregation and belief merging — see belief merging and judgment aggregation
• jurisprudence, experimental (Kevin Tobia, Guilherme Almeida, Karolina Prochownik, and Ivar Hannikainen)
• jury theorems (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann)
• justice (David Miller)
  • and access to health care — see ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care
  • and bad luck — see luck: justice and bad luck
  • climate (Simon Caney)
  • and disability — see disability: and justice
  • distributive (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor)
  • distributive justice and empirical moral psychology — see distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology
  • economic — see economics and economic justice
  • global (Gillian Brock and Nicole Hassoun)
  • inequality and health — see ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health
  • intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
  • international distributive (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith)
  • retributive (Alec Walen)
  • territorial — see territorial rights and justice
  • transitional (Nir Eisikovits)
  • as a virtue (Mark LeBar)
• justification, epistemic
  • a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
  • coherentist theories of (Erik Olsson)
  • foundationalist theories of (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton)
  • internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
  • reliabilism — see reliabilist epistemology
  • transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
• justification, political
  • public (Kevin Vallier)

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K [jump to top]

• Kant, Immanuel (Michael Rohlf)
  • account of reason (Garrath Williams)
  • aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
  • conceptualism/nonconceptualism (Colin McLear)
  • critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
  • and Hume on causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
  • and Hume on morality (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis)
  • and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
  • moral philosophy (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton)
  • philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld and Michael Thompson)
  • philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
  • philosophy of religion (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate)
  • philosophy of science (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan)
  • social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
  • theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
  • transcendental arguments (Derk Pereboom)
  • transcendental idealism (Nicholas F. Stang)
  • view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth)
  • views on space and time (Andrew Janiak)
• Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan)
• Kepler, Johannes (Daniel A. Di Liscia)
• Kierkegaard, Søren (John Lippitt and C. Stephen Evans)
• killing vs. letting die — see doing vs. allowing harm
• Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
• Kilwardby, Robert (José Filipe Silva)
• knowledge
  • analysis of (Jonathan Ichikawa and Matthias Steup)
  • a priori — see a priori justification and knowledge
  • by acquaintance vs. description (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton)
  • self- — see self-knowledge
• knowledge, value of (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter)
• knowledge how (Carlotta Pavese)
• Kochen-Specker theorem — see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
• Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
• Korean Philosophy (Halla Kim)
  • Buddhism (Lucy Hyekyung Jee)
  • Confucianism (Kevin N. Cawley)
• Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)
• Kumārila (Daniel Arnold)
• Kūkai — see Japanese Philosophy: Kūkai

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L [jump to top]

• Lacan, Jacques (Adrian Johnston)
• Ladd-Franklin, Christine (Frederique Janssen-Lauret)
• La Forge, Louis de (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke)
• Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden)
• lambda calculus, the (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher)
• Lambert of Auxerre (Sara L. Uckelman)
• Landmann-Kalischer, Edith (Daniel Dahlstrom)
• Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton)
• Langer, Susanne (Juliet Floyd)
• language of thought hypothesis (Michael Rescorla)
• Laozi (Alan Chan)
• large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
• Latin American Philosophy (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas)
  • analytic philosophy in (Diana Ines Perez and Santiago Echeverri)
  • bioethics — see bioethics: in Latin American
  • epistemology — see epistemology: in Latin America
  • feminism — see feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism
  • liberalism — see liberalism: in Latin America
  • metaphilosophical foundations (Susana Nuccetelli)
  • philosophy of biology — see philosophy of biology: in Latin America
  • philosophy of science — see philosophy of science: in Latin America
  • skepticism — see skepticism: in Latin America
• Latinx Philosophy (Manuel Vargas)
• law
  • and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
  • and language (Timothy Endicott)
  • limits of — see limits of law
  • nature of — see nature of law: natural law theories
  • rule of — see rule of law and procedural fairness
• laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
  • ceteris paribus (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas Hüttemann, and Siegfried Jaag)
• learning, perceptual (Kevin Connolly and Adrienne Prettyman)
• learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
• Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (Richard J. Oosterhoff)
• legal interpretation (Mark Greenberg)
• legal obligation and authority (Massimo Renzo and Leslie Green)
• legal philosophy
  • economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
• legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
• legal probabilism (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello)
• legal punishment — see punishment, legal
• legal reasoning (John Horty and Henry Prakken)
  • interpretation and coherence in (Julie Dickson)
  • precedent and analogy in (Grant Lamond)
• legal rights (Ori Herstein)
• legitimacy, political (Fabienne Peter)
• Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
  • ethics (Andrew Youpa and Saja Parvizian)
  • Exoteric Philosophy (John Whipple)
  • influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
  • modal metaphysics (Brandon C. Look)
  • on causation (Marc Bobro)
  • on the problem of evil (Michael J. Murray and Sean Greenberg)
  • philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
  • philosophy of physics (Jeffrey K. McDonough)
• Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
• Leone Ebreo — see Abrabanel, Judah
• Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
• Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
• levels of organization in biology (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks)
• Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
• Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
• Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
  • metaphysics (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz)
• liar paradox (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, and Ellie Ripley)
  • in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy (Ahmed Alwishah and David Sanson)
• liberal feminism — see feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism
• liberalism (Shane D. Courtland, Gerald Gaus, and David Schmidtz)
  • in Latin America (Faviola Rivera)
• liberation, philosophy of (Eduardo Mendieta)
• Liber de causis — see Book of Causes
• libertarianism (Bas van der Vossen and Billy Christmas)
• liberty
  • positive and negative (Ian Carter)
• life (Carlos Mariscal)
  • meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
• lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
• limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
• linear logic — see logic: linear
• linguistics
  • computational (Lenhart Schubert)
  • philosophy of (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ryan Nefdt)
• Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
• literature, philosophy and (R. Lanier Anderson and Yi-Ping Ong)
• living wills — see advance directives
• Llull, Ramon (Ernesto Priani)
• location and mereology (Cody Gilmore, Claudio Calosi, and Damiano Costa)
• Locke, Alain LeRoy (Jacoby Adeshei Carter and Corey Barnes)
• Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
  • moral philosophy (Patricia Sheridan)
  • on freedom (Samuel Rickless)
  • on medicine (Jonathan Craig Walmsley)
  • on personal identity (Jessica Gordon-Roth)
  • on real essence (Jan-Erik Jones)
  • philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
  • political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
• logic
  • action (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht)
  • algebraic propositional (Ramon Jansana)
  • ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
  • awareness in — see awareness in logic, game theory, and decision theory
  • of belief revision (Sven Ove Hansson)
  • classical (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel)
  • combinatory (Katalin Bimbó)
  • combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
  • conditionals (Paul Egré and Hans Rott)
  • connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
  • deontic (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte)
  • dependence (Pietro Galliani)
  • dialogical (Nicolas Clerbout and Zoe McConaughey)
  • dynamic epistemic (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne)
  • epistemic (Rasmus Rendsvig, John Symons, and Yanjing Wang)
  • for analyzing games (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein)
  • for analyzing power in normal form games (Paolo Turrini and Thomas Ågotnes)
  • free (Norbert Gratzl, Edi Pavlović, and John Nolt)
  • fuzzy (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Fermüller, and Carles Noguera)
  • and games (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko Väänänen)
  • hybrid (Torben Braüner)
  • in classical Indian philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic
  • independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
  • inductive (James Hawthorne)
  • infinitary (John L. Bell)
  • informal (Leo Groarke)
  • and information (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson)
  • intensional (Melvin Fitting)
  • intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
  • justification (Sergei Artemov, Melvin Fitting, and Thomas Studer)
  • linear (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller)
  • logic-based artificial intelligence — see artificial intelligence: logic-based
  • many-sorted (María Manzano and Víctor Aranda)
  • many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
  • of mass expressions — see mass expressions: logic of
  • modal (James Garson)
  • natural deduction systems in — see natural deduction systems in logic
  • non-monotonic (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli)
  • paraconsistent (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber)
  • preference (Fenrong Liu and Leon van der Torre)
  • and probability (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack)
  • propositional (Curtis Franks)
  • propositional dynamic (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani)
  • provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
  • relevance (Edwin Mares)
  • second-order and higher-order (Jouko Väänänen)
  • sentence connectives in — see connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic
  • substructural (Greg Restall)
  • temporal (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg)
• logic, anti-exceptionalism about (Ole Hjortland and Ben Martin)
• logic, epistemology of (Sinan Dogramaci and Joshua Schechter)
• logic, history of
  • first-order logic (William Ewald)
  • intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
  • modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
  • proof theory — see proof theory: development of
  • set theory, early — see set theory: early development
• logic, normative status of (Florian Steinberger)
• logical atomism
  • Russell’s (Kevin Klement)
  • Wittgenstein’s — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism
• logical consequence (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi)
  • algebraic propositional logic — see logic: algebraic propositional
• logical constants (John MacFarlane)
• logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
• logical empiricism — see empiricism: logical
• logical form (Paul Pietroski)
• logical pluralism (Gillian Russell and Christopher Blake-Turner)
• logical positivism (Michael Stoeltzner and Massimo Ferrari)
• logical truth (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
• logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
• logicism and neologicism (Neil Tennant)
• Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
• love (Bennett Helm)
• loyalty (John Kleinig)
• luck
  • justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
  • moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
• Lucretius (Simon Trépanier)
• Lukács, Georg [György] (Titus Stahl)
• Łukasiewicz, Jan (Peter Simons)
• Luther, Martin (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin)
  • influence on philosophy (Robert Stern and Volker Leppin)
• Luxemburg, Rosa (Lea Ypi)
• Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
• lying and deception
  • definition of (James Edwin Mahon)
• Lyotard, Jean François (Peter Gratton)

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M [jump to top]

• Macaulay, Catharine (Karen Green)
• Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
• Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
• macroevolution, philosophy of (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad)
• Madhyamaka (Richard Hayes)
• Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed)
• Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
  • the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
• Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
  • theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
• Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
  • deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• Mandeville, Bernard (Mikko Tolonen and Robin Douglass)
• manipulation, ethics of (Robert Noggle)
• many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
• Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman)
• Marcus, Ruth Barcan (Roberta Ballarin)
• Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
• Marcuse, Herbert (Arnold Farr)
• Marinella, Lucrezia (Marguerite Deslauriers)
• Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
• markets (Lisa Herzog)
• marriage and domestic partnership (Elizabeth Brake)
• Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
• Marsilius of Padua (Alessandro Mulieri)
• Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek)
• Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold)
• Marxism, after Marx (Jan Kandiyali and Nicholas Vrousalis)
• Marxism, analytical (David Leopold)
• Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
• mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
• mass expressions
  • logic of (David Nicolas)
  • metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
• material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
• materialism — see physicalism
  • eliminative (William Ramsey)
• mathematical
  • explanation (Paolo Mancosu, Francesca Poggiolesi, and Christopher Pincock)
  • style — see style: in mathematics
• mathematical practice (Paolo Mancosu and Silvia De Toffoli)
• mathematics
  • constructive (Douglas Bridges, Erik Palmgren, and Hajime Ishihara)
  • inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
  • non-deductive methods in (Alan Baker)
• mathematics, foundations of
  • Dedekind’s contributions to — see Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics
  • Hilbert’s program — see Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics
• mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
  • fictionalism (Mark Balaguer)
  • formalism (Alan Weir)
  • indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
  • intuitionism (Rosalie Iemhoff)
  • Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics
  • naturalism (Alexander Paseau and Marianna Antonutti Marfori)
  • nominalism (Otávio Bueno)
  • Platonism (Øystein Linnebo)
  • structuralism (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer)
  • Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics
• McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
• Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia and Scott Taylor)
• meaning
  • iconic — see iconicity
  • normativity of (Kathrin Glüer, Åsa Wikforss, and Marianna Ganapini)
  • of words (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi)
• meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
• meaning holism (Henry Jackman)
• means, treating persons as — see treating persons as means
• measurement
  • in science (Eran Tal)
• mechanism in science (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari)
• medicine, philosophy of (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny)
• medicine: Chinese philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine
• medieval philosophy (John Marenbon)
  • aesthetics — see aesthetics: late ancient and medieval
  • literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
  • political — see political philosophy: medieval
• medieval theories of
  • analogy — see analogy: medieval theories of
  • categories — see categories: medieval theories of
  • causation — see causation: medieval theories of
  • conscience — see conscience: medieval theories of
  • consequence — see consequence, medieval theories of
  • demonstration — see demonstration: medieval theories of
  • emotion — see emotion: medieval theories of
  • future contingents — see future contingents: medieval theories of
  • haecceity — see haecceity: medieval theories of
  • mental representation — see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
  • modality — see modality: medieval theories of
  • obligationes — see obligationes, medieval theories of
  • practical reason — see practical reason: medieval theories of
  • properties of terms — see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
  • relations — see relations: medieval theories of
  • singular terms — see singular terms: medieval theories of
  • syllogism — see syllogism: medieval theories of
  • transcendentals — see transcendentals, medieval theories of
• Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
• Meister Eckhart (Amber L. Griffioen)
• memory (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton)
  • epistemological problems of (Matthew Frise)
• Mencius (Bryan Van Norden)
• Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
• mental causation (David Robb, John Heil, and Sophie Gibb)
• mental content
  • causal theories of (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa)
  • externalism about the mind — see externalism about the mind
  • narrow (Curtis Brown)
  • nonconceptual (José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen)
  • teleological theories of (Peter Schulte and Karen Neander)
• mental disorder (Jennifer Radden and Jonathan Y. Tsou)
• mental illness — see mental disorder
• mental imagery (Bence Nanay)
• mental representation (David Pitt)
  • in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
• mereology (Achille Varzi)
  • and location — see location and mereology
  • medieval (Andrew Arlig)
• meritocracy (Thomas Mulligan)
• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Ted Toadvine)
• Mersenne, Marin (Philippe Hamou)
• metaepistemology (J. Adam Carter and Ernest Sosa)
• metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• metaethics, normativity in (David Copp and Justin Morton)
• metaphor (David Hills)
• metaphysical explanation (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson)
• metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen, Meghan Sullivan, and Sara Bernstein)
  • in classical Indian philosophy (Allison Aitken)
  • realism and anti-realism about (Mark Balaguer)
• metaphysics in the 16th century
  • Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco
• methodological constructivism (Erlangen School) (Niels Siegbert Linnemann and Norman Sieroka)
• methodological holism in the social sciences (Julie Zahle)
• Mexican existentialism — see existentialism: Mexican
• Mexico
  • philosophy in (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.)
• microbiology, philosophy of (Maureen A. O’Malley and Emily C. Parke)
• Midgley, Mary (Rachael Wiseman and Clare Mac Cumhaill)
• Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
• Mill, James (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides)
• Mill, John Stuart (Christopher Macleod)
  • moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
• mind
  • computational theory of (Michael Rescorla)
  • in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: mind (heart-mind)
  • in Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Christian Coseru)
  • modularity of (Philip Robbins and Zoe Drayson)
• mind/brain identity theory (J. J. C. Smart)
• miracles (Timothy McGrew and Robert Larmer)
• modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
• modality
  • Descartes and — see Descartes, René: modal metaphysics
  • epistemology of (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner)
  • impossible worlds — see impossible worlds
  • Leibniz and — see Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics
  • medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
  • modal fictionalism — see fictionalism: modal
  • necessary and sufficient conditions — see necessary and sufficient conditions
  • possible objects — see possible objects
  • possible worlds — see possible worlds
  • Spinoza and — see Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics
  • varieties of (Boris Kment)
• modal logic — see logic: modal
  • modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic
  • philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic — see multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of
• modeling in the philosophy of science, agent-based (Dunja Šešelja)
• model organisms (Michael Dietrich and Nedah Nemati)
• models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
• model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
  • first-order (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon)
• modesty and humility (Nicolas Bommarito)
• Mohism — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohism
• Mohist Canons — see Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons
• molecular biology (Tudor Baetu, Monika Piotrowska, and James Tabery)
• Molyneux’s problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
• money and finance, philosophy of (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O’Neill, and Joakim Sandberg)
• monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
  • anomalous — see anomalous monism
  • neutral — see neutral monism
  • Russellian (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom)
• monism in Classical Indian Philosophy (Jessica Frazier)
• monotheism (William Wainwright)
• Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari)
• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
• Montessori, Maria (Patrick Frierson)
• Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
  • moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
• moral/conventional distinction (Edouard Machery and Stephen Stich)
• moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
• moral character — see character, moral
• moral cognition, psychology of — see normative cognition, psychology of
• moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism — see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
• moral decision-making under uncertainty (Christian Tarsney, Teruji Thomas, and William MacAskill)
• moral demands and permissions/prerogatives (Thomas Hurka)
• moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
• moral disagreement (Folke Tersman)
• moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
  • a priorism in (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks)
• moral generalism — see moral particularism: and moral generalism
• moral intuitionism (Philip Stratton-Lake)
• morality
  • and evolutionary biology (William FitzPatrick)
  • and practical reason (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• morality, definition of (Joshua Gert and Bernard Gert)
• moral luck — see luck: moral
• moral motivation (Connie S. Rosati)
• moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
• moral non-naturalism (Michael Ridge)
• moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
  • and moral generalism (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever)
• moral phenomenology — see phenomenology: moral
• moral psychology
  • empirical approaches (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley)
  • in Latin America (Paulo Boggio)
• moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
• moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
• moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
• moral responsibility (Matthew Talbert)
  • empirical approaches (Chandra Sripada)
  • the epistemic condition (Fernando Rudy-Hiller)
  • principle of alternative possibilities (David Robb)
• moral sentimentalism (Antti Kauppinen)
• moral skepticism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
• moral status
  • of animals — see animals, moral status of
• moral status, grounds of (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum)
• moral testimony, deference, and expertise (Sarah McGrath)
• moral theory (Julia Driver)
• moral worth (Keshav Singh)
• More, Henry (John Henry)
• More, Thomas (Gerard B. Wegemer)
• motivation
  • moral — see moral motivation
• Muhammad Iqbal (Muhammad U. Faruque and Waseem Akhtar Usmani)
• Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
• multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of (Sonja Smets and Fernando Velázquez-Quesada)
• multiculturalism (Sarah Song)
• multiple realizability (John Bickle)
• Murdoch, Iris (Lawrence Blum)
• music
  • history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800 (Matteo Ravasio)
  • history of western philosophy of, since 1800 (Matteo Ravasio)
• music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
• mysticism (Richard Jones and Jerome Gellman)
• myths, Plato’s — see Plato: myths

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N [jump to top]

• Nāgārjuna (Jan Christoph Westerhoff)
• Nagel, Ernst (Ádám Tamás Tuboly)
• names (Sam Cumming)
• nationalism (David Miller)
• Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School — see Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School
• Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
• natural deduction systems in logic (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen)
• naturalism (David Papineau)
  • in epistemology — see epistemology: naturalism in
  • in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism
  • moral (Matthew Lutz)
• natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
• natural language ontology — see ontology, natural language
• natural law
  • tradition in ethics — see ethics: natural law tradition
• natural philosophy
  • in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato)
• natural selection (Peter Gildenhuys)
  • units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
• nature of law (Emad Atiq, Andrei Marmor, and Alexander Sarch)
  • interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
  • legal positivism (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams)
  • natural law theories (John Finnis)
  • pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
• Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
• necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
• necessary beings
  • and God — see God: and other necessary beings
• needs, in moral and political philosophy (Gillian Brock and David Miller)
• negation (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing)
• Négritude (Souleymane Bachir Diagne)
• Neo-Daoism (Alan Chan)
• neo-Kantianism (Jeremy Heis)
• neoliberalism (Kevin Vallier)
• Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
• Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
• neuroethics (Adina Roskies)
• neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
• neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg and Donovan Wishon)
• Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
  • Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (George Smith)
  • philosophy (Andrew Janiak)
  • views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
• Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
• Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
• Nietzsche, Friedrich (R. Lanier Anderson)
  • aesthetics (Timothy Stoll)
  • life and works (Robert Wicks)
  • moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
• Nishida Kitarō (John C. Maraldo)
• noema — see Husserl, Edmund
• nominalism
  • in metaphysics (Sam Cowling and Daniel Giberman)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism
• non-naturalism, moral — see moral non-naturalism
• nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
• nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
• nonidentity problem (M. A. Roberts)
• normal form games
  • logics for analyzing power in — see logic: for analyzing power in normal form games
• normative cognition, psychology of (Daniel Kelly, Evan Westra, and Stephen Setman)
• normative concepts — see concepts: normative
• normativity
  • animal — see animal: normativity
  • logic — see logic, normative status of
  • meaning — see meaning: normativity of
  • metaethics — see metaethics, normativity in
• norms of cooperation — see social norms
• Norris, John (June Yang)
• nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
• Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
• Nozick, Robert
  • political philosophy (Eric Mack)
• Numenius (George Karamanolis)

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O [jump to top]

• Oakeshott, Michael (Terry Nardin)
• object (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey)
• objectivity
  • in ethics — see ethics: objectivity in
  • scientific — see scientific objectivity
• obligation
  • legal — see legal obligation and authority
• obligationes, medieval theories of (Mikko Yrjönsuuri)
• obligations
  • special (Diane Jeske)
• obligations to oneself (Daniel Muñoz)
• occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
• Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade, Claude Panaccio, and Jenny Pelletier)
• olfactory perception — see perception: olfactory
• Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau and Juhana Toivanen)
• Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
• Olympiodorus, School of
  • David and Elias (Christian Wildberg and Sophie Van der Meeren-Ferreri)
• omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
• omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
• omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
• ontological arguments (Graham Oppy, Joshua Rasmussen, and Joseph Schmid)
• ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker)
• ontological dependence — see dependence, ontological
• ontology
  • and information systems (Adam Pease)
  • social — see social ontology
• ontology, natural language (Friederike Moltmann)
• ontology of art, history of (Paisley Livingston)
• operationalism (Hasok Chang)
• ordinary objects (Daniel Z. Korman and Jonathan Barker)
• Oresme, Nicole (Stefan Kirschner)
• Origen (Mark J. Edwards)
• original position (Samuel Freeman)
• Ortega y Gasset, José (Oliver Holmes)
• other minds (Anita Avramides)
• ought implies can (Peter Vranas)
• ownership, property and — see property and ownership

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P [jump to top]

• pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
• pain (Murat Aydede)
• Paine, Thomas (Mark Philp)
• Pan-Africanism (Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò and Chike Jeffers)
• panentheism (John Culp)
• panpsychism (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
• pantheism (William Mander)
• Paquda, Bayha Ibn — see Ibn Paquda, Bahya
• paradox
  • Curry’s — see Curry’s paradox
  • Fitch’s paradox of knowability — see Fitch’s paradox of knowability
  • of the liar — see liar paradox
  • Russell’s paradox — see Russell’s paradox
  • Simpson’s paradox — see Simpson’s paradox
  • Skolem’s (Timothy Bays)
  • St. Petersburg paradox — see St. Petersburg paradox
  • of suspense — see suspense, paradox of
  • Zeno’s paradoxes — see Zeno of Elea: Zeno’s paradoxes
  • and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni)
  • epistemic — see epistemic paradoxes
• paradox of tragedy (Jonathan Gilmore)
• parenthood and procreation (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum)
• Parmenides (John Palmer)
• part/whole — see mereology
• Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
• Pascal’s wager (Alan Hájek)
• paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
• patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
• Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
• Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
• Peano, Giuseppe — see Peano School
• Peano School (Paola Cantù)
• Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
• Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
  • logic (Sun-Joo Shin)
  • theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
• Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
• perception
  • action-based theories — see action-based theories of perception
  • auditory (Casey O’Callaghan)
  • the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
  • the disjunctive theory of (Matthew Soteriou)
  • epistemological problems of (Jack Lyons)
  • experience and justification (Nicholas Silins)
  • olfactory (Clare Batty and Benjamin Young)
  • the problem of (Tim Crane and Craig French)
• perceptual learning — see learning, perceptual
• Pereira, Gómez (José Manuel García Valverde)
• perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
• persistence — see temporal parts
• personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
  • and ethics (Annette Dufner)
• personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
• personal relationship goods (Anca Gheaus)
• personhood
  • in classical Indian Philosophy — see Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood
• persons — see personal identity
• persons, treating as means — see treating persons as means
• Peter of Auvergne (Marco Toste)
• Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
• Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
• phenomenal intentionality — see intentionality: phenomenal
• phenomenological aesthetics — see aesthetics: phenomenological
• phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
  • feminist (Sara Heinämaa)
  • moral (John Drummond and Mark Timmons)
  • of the Munich and Göttingen Circles (Alessandro Salice)
• philanthropy (Theodore M. Lechterman, Emma Saunders-Hastings, and Rob Reich)
• Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey and Anthony Celano)
• Philodemus (David Blank)
• Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
• Philo of Alexandria (Carlos Lévy)
• Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio)
• Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
• philosophy of biology
  • in Latin America (Pablo Lorenzano)
• philosophy of mind
  • feminist — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of mind
• philosophy of science
  • in Latin America (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa Pérez Ransanz)
• philosophy of science, formal — see formal philosophy of science
• Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
• photography, philosophy of (Dawn M Wilson)
• phylogenetic inference (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco)
• physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
• physics
  • experiment in (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic)
  • holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey and Henrique Gomes)
  • intertheory relations in (Patricia Palacios)
  • quantum field theory — see quantum theory: quantum field theory
  • structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
  • symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh)
• physis and nomos — see Sophists, The
• Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
• Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Francesco [Gianfrancesco] (Francesco Molinarolo)
• pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
• Plato (Richard Kraut)
  • aesthetics (Nickolas Pappas)
  • Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
  • Cratylus (David Meißner)
  • ethics (Dorothea Frede and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
  • ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
  • friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
  • method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary-Louise Gill)
  • middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
  • myths (Catalin Partenie)
  • on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Francesco Verde)
  • on utopia (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows)
  • Parmenides (Samuel Rickless)
  • rhetoric and poetry (Charles L. Griswold)
  • shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
  • Timaeus (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler)
• Platonism
  • in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
  • in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
• pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
• Plotinus (Paul Kalligas)
• pluralism
  • religious — see religious diversity
• plurality of forms — see binarium famosissimum
• plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
• Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
• Poincaré, Henri (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump)
• Polgar, Isaac — see Polqar, Isaac
• policing, philosophy of (Gabriel Mendlow and Malcolm Thorburn)
• political obligation (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz)
• political philosophy
  • ancient (Melissa Lane)
  • medieval (Cary Nederman and Alessandro Mulieri)
• political realism
  • in international relations (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz)
• political theory and religion — see religion: and political theory
• Polqar, Isaac (Racheli Haliva)
• Pomponazzi, Pietro (Craig Martin)
• Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
• population genetics — see genetics: population
• pornography
  • and censorship (Caroline West)
• Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
• Porta, Giambattista della (Sergius Kodera)
• Port Royal Logic (Alan Nelson and Jill Buroker)
• positivism
  • logical — see logical positivism
• possibilism-actualism debate (Christopher Menzel)
• possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
• possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
• postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
• Poulain de la Barre, François (Martina Reuter)
• poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
• practical reason (R. Jay Wallace and Benjamin Kiesewetter)
  • medieval theories of (Anthony Celano)
  • morality and — see morality: and practical reason
  • and the structure of actions (Elijah Millgram)
• pragmatic arguments and belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
• pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
  • defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
  • game-theoretic — see game-theoretic semantics and pragmatics
• pragmatism (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway)
• prayer
  • petitionary (Scott A. Davison)
• predicate calculus — see logic: classical
• predication (Kevin Mulligan and Damiano Costa)
• prediction versus accommodation (Eric Christian Barnes)
• predictivism — see prediction versus accommodation
• preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
  • logic — see logic: preference
• pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Quill R Kukla, Teresa Baron, and Katherine Wayne)
• prenatal testing and screening — see eugenics
• presentism (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant)
• Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
• presupposition (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger)
• Price, Henry Habberley (Arthur Schipper and Paul Snowdon)
• Price, Richard (David McNaughton)
• Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
• Priestley, Joseph (Falk Wunderlich)
• primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy (Martha Bolton)
• Principia Mathematica (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine)
  • notation in (Bernard Linsky)
• principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin)
• Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
• prioritarianism as a theory of value (Matthew Adler and Nils Holtug)
• prisoner’s dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
• privacy (Beate Roessler and Judith DeCew)
  • and information technology — see information technology: and privacy
  • and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
• private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
• probabilities, imprecise (Seamus Bradley)
• probabilities, indeterminate — see probabilities, imprecise
• probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy (Rudolf Schuessler)
• probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
• probability and logic — see logic: and probability
• procedural fairness — see rule of law and procedural fairness
• process philosophy (Johanna Seibt)
• process theism (Donald Viney)
• Proclus (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
• procreation — see parenthood and procreation
• Prodicus — see Sophists, The
• progress (Agnes Tam and Margaret Meek Lange)
• promises (Allen Habib)
• proof theory (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg)
  • development of (Jan von Plato)
• properties (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti)
  • emergent — see emergent properties
  • essential vs. accidental — see essential vs. accidental properties
  • natural (Cian Dorr)
• property
  • intellectual (Adam Moore and Ken Himma)
• property and ownership (Jeremy Waldron)
• prophecy (Scott A. Davison)
• propositional attitude reports (Michael Nelson)
• propositional function (Edwin Mares)
• propositional logic — see logic: propositional
• propositions (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank)
  • singular (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson)
  • structured (Jeffrey C. King)
• Protagoras (Mauro Bonazzi)
• providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson)
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
• pseudo-science, science and — see science: and pseudo-science
• psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
• psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
• psychologism (Martin Kusch)
• psychology
  • evolutionary (Stephen M. Downes)
• psychotherapy, philosophy of (Megan Delehanty and Anya Plutynski)
• public goods (Julian Reiss)
• public health
  • ethics (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya)
• publicity (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr)
• public reason (Jonathan Quong)
• Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
  • moral and political philosophy (Michael Seidler)
• punishment, legal (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff)
• Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
• Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
• Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
• Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)

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Q [jump to top]

• Qing philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: Qing philosophy
• qualia (Michael Tye)
  • inverted (Alex Byrne)
  • knowledge argument (Martine Nida-Rümelin and Donnchadh O Conaill)
• quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano)
• quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
  • action at a distance in (Joseph Berkovitz)
  • Bell’s Theorem — see Bell’s Theorem
  • Bohmian mechanics (Sheldon Goldstein)
  • collapse theories (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi)
  • consistent histories approach (Robert B. Griffiths)
  • Copenhagen interpretation of (Jan Faye)
  • Everettian (Jeffrey Barrett)
  • Kochen-Specker theorem (Carsten Held)
  • many-worlds interpretation of (Lev Vaidman)
  • modal interpretations of (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks)
  • relational (Carlo Rovelli)
  • retrocausality (Simon Friederich and Peter W. Evans)
  • the role of decoherence in (Guido Bacciagaluppi)
• quantum theory
  • Bayesian and pragmatist views (Richard Healey)
  • and consciousness (Harald Atmanspacher)
  • the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in (Arthur Fine)
  • identity and individuality in (Steven French and Tomasz Bigaj)
  • and mathematical rigor (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher)
  • the measurement problem — see quantum theory: philosophical issues in
  • philosophical issues in (Wayne Myrvold)
  • quantum computing (Michael Cuffaro and Amit Hagar)
  • quantum entanglement and information (Jeffrey Bub)
  • quantum field theory (Meinard Kuhlmann)
  • quantum gravity (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles)
  • quantum logic and probability theory (Alexander Wilce)
  • uncertainty principle in — see Uncertainty Principle
• queer philosophy (Kim Q. Hall)
• questions (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen)
• Quine, Willard Van Orman (Peter Hylton and Gary Kemp)
  • indispensability argument — see mathematics, philosophy of: indispensability arguments in the
  • New Foundations (Thomas Forster)
• quotation (Herman Cappelen, Ernest Lepore, and Matthew McKeever)

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R [jump to top]

• race (Michael James and Adam Burgos)
  • and aesthetics — see aesthetics: and race
  • critical philosophy of — see critical philosophy of race
• Radulphus Brito (Ana María Mora-Márquez and Iacopo Costa)
• Ramsey, Frank (Fraser MacBride, Mathieu Marion, María José Frápolli, Dorothy Edgington, Edward Elliott, Sebastian Lutz, and Jeffrey Paris)
  • and intergenerational welfare economics (Partha Dasgupta)
• Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
• Rand, Ayn (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long)
• randomness
  • algorithmic (Francesca Zaffora Blando)
  • versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
• Rasa in Classical Indian Philosophy (Dominic McIver Lopes and Catherine Prueitt)
• rational choice, normative
  • expected utility (R. A. Briggs)
  • rivals to expected utility (Lara Buchak)
• rationalism vs. empiricism (Peter Markie and M. Folescu)
• rationality
  • Bayesian — see epistemology: Bayesian
  • bounded — see bounded rationality
  • epistemic foundations of game theory — see game theory: epistemic foundations of
  • historicist theories of (Thomas Nickles)
  • instrumental (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero)
  • structural (Benjamin Kiesewetter and Alex Worsnip)
• Ratnākaraśānti (Davey K. Tomlinson)
• Ratnakīrti (Patrick McAllister)
• Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
• realism (Alexander Miller)
  • challenges to metaphysical (Drew Khlentzos)
  • moral — see moral realism
  • political, in international relations — see political realism: in international relations
  • scientific — see scientific realism
  • structural — see structural realism
  • and theory change in science (Stathis Psillos)
• reason and religious commitment — see religious commitment and reason
• reasoning
  • automated (Frederic Portoraro)
  • by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning
  • defeasible (Robert Koons)
  • moral (Henry S. Richardson)
• reasons for action
  • agent-neutral vs. agent-relative (Michael Ridge)
  • internal vs. external (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder)
  • justification, motivation, explanation (Maria Alvarez and Jonathan Way)
• recognition (Mattias Iser)
• reconciliation (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy)
• recursion — see recursion
• recursive functions (Walter Dean and Alberto Naibo)
• redistribution (Christian Barry)
• reduction, scientific (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick)
  • in biology (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love)
  • in physics — see physics: intertheory relations in
• reference (Eliot Michaelson)
• reflective equilibrium (Carl Knight)
• Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos)
• Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Frederick C. Beiser)
• Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
  • common cause principle (Christopher Hitchcock and Miklós Rédei)
• Reid, Thomas (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe)
  • ethics (Terence Cuneo)
  • on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
• Reinach, Adolf (Alessandro Salice, James DuBois, and Barry Smith)
• Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale and John Walsh)
• reism (Jan Woleński)
• relations (Fraser MacBride)
  • medieval theories of (Jeffrey Brower)
• relativism (Maria Baghramian and J. Adam Carter)
  • moral — see moral relativism
• reliabilist epistemology (Alvin Goldman and Bob Beddor)
• religion
  • and animals (Lisa Kemmerer)
  • comparative philosophy of (Mikel Burley)
  • concept of (Kevin Schilbrack)
  • epistemology of (Peter Forrest)
  • evolutionary approaches (Jason Marsh)
  • feminist philosophy of — see feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of religion
  • in Chinese Philosophy — see Chinese Philosophy: religion
  • Judaic epistemology and theology — see Jewish philosophy of religion: epistemology and theology
  • Judaic ethics, society, and ritual — see Jewish philosophy of religion: ethics, society, and ritual
  • and morality in western philosophy (John Hare and Jennifer Herdt)
  • natural — see theology, natural and natural religion
  • phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
  • philosophy of (Charles Taliaferro)
  • and political theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
  • and science (Helen De Cruz)
• religious commitment and reason (J. L. Schellenberg)
• religious diversity (David Basinger)
• religious experience (Mark Webb)
• religious language (Michael Scott)
• reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill and J. Angelo Corlett)
• replication and reproduction (John S. Wilkins and Pierrick Bourrat)
• representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
• representation, scientific — see scientific representation
• reproducibility, scientific (Fiona Fidler and John Wilcox)
• republicanism (Frank Lovett)
• repugnant conclusion, the (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbjörn Tännsjö)
• resistance, imaginative — see imaginative resistance
• respect (Robin S. Dillon)
• responsibility
  • collective (Marion Smiley)
• restitution and unjust enrichment (Dennis Klimchuk)
• retributive justice — see justice: retributive
• revelation, divine (Mats Wahlberg)
• reverse mathematics (Benedict Eastaugh)
• revolution (Allen Buchanan and Alexander Motchoulski)
• Richard the Sophister [Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
• Rickert, Heinrich (Andrea Staiti and Luca Oliva)
• Ricoeur, Paul (David Pellauer and Bernard Dauenhauer)
• rights (Leif Wenar and Rowan Cruft)
  • of children (David William Archard)
  • civil — see civil rights
  • group (Peter Jones)
  • human (James Nickel and Adam Etinson)
  • legal — see legal rights
  • territorial — see territorial rights and justice
• rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
• risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
• robotics
  • ethics of — see artificial intelligence: ethics of
• role obligations — see obligations: special
• Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman)
• Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
• Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
• Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
• Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
• Routley [Sylvan], Richard — see Sylvan, Richard
• Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt)
• Rufus, Richard — see Richard the Sophister
• rule-following and intentionality (Alexander Miller and Olivia Sultanescu)
• rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
• rule of law and procedural fairness (Jeremy Waldron)
• Russell, Bertrand (Andrew David Irvine)
  • logical atomism — see logical atomism: Russell’s
  • moral philosophy (Charles Pigden)
• Russell’s paradox (Harry Deutsch, Oliver Marshall, and Andrew David Irvine)
• Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)

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S [jump to top]

• Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
• Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal and James Apple)
• Śāntideva (Charles Goodman)
• Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta] (Jonathan C. Gold)
• sale of human organs (Stephen Wilkinson)
• Salmon, Wesley (Maria Carla Galavotti)
• Sanches, Francisco (Rolando Pérez)
• Śaṅkara (Neil Dalal)
• Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman)
• Sartre, Jean-Paul (Jack Reynolds and Pierre-Jean Renaudie)
• scepticism — see skepticism
• Scheler, Max (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock)
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
• schema (John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid)
• Schiller, Friedrich (Lydia L. Moland)
• Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
• Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
• Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
• Schlick, Moritz (Thomas Oberdan)
• Schmitt, Carl (Lars Vinx)
• scholasticism, late (Jacob Schmutz)
• Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
• Scholz, Heinrich (Volker Peckhaus)
• School of Ibn ʿArabi — see Ibn ʿArabi, school of
• School of Names (Chris Fraser)
• School of Salamanca (Thomas Izbicki and Matthias Kaufmann)
• Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
  • aesthetics (Sandra Shapshay)
• Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
• science
  • models in — see models in science
  • and pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
  • theory and observation in (Nora Mills Boyd and James Bogen)
  • unity of (Jordi Cat)
• science, formal philosophy of — see formal philosophy of science
• scientific discovery (Jutta Schickore)
• scientific explanation (James Woodward and Lauren Ross)
  • causal approaches to (Lauren Ross and James Woodward)
  • non-causal approaches to (Gerhard Schurz and Alexander Gebharter)
• scientific imagination (Alice Murphy)
• scientific knowledge
  • social dimensions of (Helen Longino)
• scientific method (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen)
• scientific objectivity (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger)
• scientific pluralism (David Ludwig and Stéphanie Ruphy)
• scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
• scientific realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
  • and theory change — see realism: and theory change in science
• scientific representation (Roman Frigg and James Nguyen)
• scientific research and big data (Sabina Leonelli)
• scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
• scientific theories
  • incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
  • structure of (Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther)
  • underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
• Scottish Philosophy
  • in the 18th Century (Alexander Broadie and Craig Smith)
  • in the 19th century (Gordon Graham)
• Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
• Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
• Scudéry, Madeleine de (John Conley)
• search engines and ethics — see ethics: search engines and
• Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
• secession (Allen Buchanan and Elizabeth Levinson)
• secondary qualities, in early modern philosophy — see primary and secondary qualities in early modern philosophy
• self
  • feminist perspectives on the — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on the self
  • knowledge — see self-knowledge
• self, the (Muhammad U. Faruque)
• self-consciousness (Joel Smith)
  • phenomenological approaches to (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi)
• self-deception (Ian Deweese-Boyd)
• self-defense (Helen Frowe and Jonathan Parry)
• self-doubt, epistemic (Sherrilyn Roush)
• self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
  • and externalism — see externalism: and self-knowledge
• self-locating beliefs (Andy Egan and Michael G. Titelbaum)
• self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
• self-respect — see respect
• Sellars, Wilfrid (Willem deVries and Carl Sachs)
• semantic holism — see meaning holism
• semantics
  • defaults in — see defaults in semantics and pragmatics
  • dynamic (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser)
  • game-theoretic — see game-theoretic semantics and pragmatics
  • Montague (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann)
  • proof-theoretic (Peter Schroeder-Heister)
  • of sign language — see sign language semantics
  • two-dimensional (Laura Schroeter)
• semiotics
  • medieval (Stephan Meier-Oeser)
• Seneca (Katja Vogt)
• sense data (Gary Hatfield)
• sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
• sentimentalism, moral — see moral sentimentalism
• set theory (Joan Bagaria)
  • alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
  • axiomatizations after Zermelo: 1920–1940 (Michael Hallett and Moritz Bodner)
  • constructive and intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
  • continuum hypothesis (Peter Koellner)
  • early development (José Ferreirós)
  • independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
  • large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner)
  • non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
  • Zermelo’s axiomatization of (Michael Hallett)
• sex and sexuality (Raja Halwani)
• Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison)
• sexual consent — see consent, sexual
• Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B. Gill)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
• Shepherd, Mary (Martha Bolton)
• Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
• sign language semantics (Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton, and Jeremy Kuhn)
• Sikh philosophy (Arvind-Pal S. Mandair)
• Simon of Faversham (Ana María Mora-Márquez)
• simplicity (Alan Baker)
  • divine (William F. Vallicella)
• Simplicius (Christoph Helmig)
• Simpson’s paradox (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger)
• simulations in science (Eric Winsberg)
• sin, in Christian thought (Kevin Timpe)
• singular terms
  • medieval theories of (Julie Brumberg-Chaumont and E. Jennifer Ashworth)
• situations
  • in natural language semantics (Angelika Kratzer)
• skeptical theism (Timothy Perrine)
• skepticism (Juan Comesaña and Peter Klein)
  • about moral responsibility (Gregg Caruso)
  • ancient (Katja Vogt)
  • and content externalism (Gary Ebbs)
  • in Latin America (Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno)
  • medieval (Charles Bolyard)
  • moral — see moral skepticism
• Skolem’s paradox — see paradox: Skolem’s
• slingshot argument, the (Stephen Neale)
• Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
  • moral and political philosophy (Samuel Fleischacker)
• social choice theory (Christian List)
• social cognition
  • animal — see animal: social cognition
• social construction
  • naturalistic approaches to (Ron Mallon)
• social contract — see contractarianism
  • contemporary approaches to (Fred D’Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher)
• social epistemology — see epistemology: social
• social institutions (Seumas Miller)
• socialism (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O’Neill)
• social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
• social networking and ethics (Shannon Vallor)
• social norms (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso)
• social ontology (Brian Epstein)
• social procedures, formal approaches (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
• sociobiology (Catherine Driscoll)
• Socrates (Debra Nails and S. Sara Monoson)
• solidarity in social and political philosophy (Andrea Sangiovanni and Juri Viehoff)
• Sophie de Grouchy (Sandrine Berges)
• sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
• Sophists, The (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee)
• Sorites paradox (Diana Raffman and Dominic Hyde)
• sortals (Max A. Freund and Richard E. Grandy)
• soul, ancient theories of (Hendrik Lorenz)
• sounds (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona)
• sovereignty (Daniel Philpott)
• space and time
  • absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read)
  • absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read)
  • being and becoming in modern physics (Steven Savitt)
  • conventionality of simultaneity (Allen Janis)
  • epistemology of spacetime geometry (Dennis Lehmkuhl and Marco Giovanelli)
  • the hole argument (John D. Norton, Oliver Pooley, and James Read)
  • inertial frames (Robert DiSalle)
  • singularities and black holes (Erik Curiel, Manus Visser, and Juliusz Doboszewski)
  • supertasks (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts)
• spacetime geometry, epistemology of — see space and time: epistemology of spacetime geometry
• species (Marc Ereshefsky)
• speech
  • inner — see inner speech
• speech acts (Mitchell Green)
• Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
• Speusippus (Russell Dancy and Giulia De Cesaris)
• Spinoza
  • epistemology and philosophy of mind (Karolina Hübner)
• Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
  • modal metaphysics (Samuel Newlands)
  • philosophy of religion (Michael Rosenthal)
  • physical theory (Richard Manning)
  • political philosophy (Justin Steinberg)
  • psychological theory (Michael LeBuffe)
  • theory of attributes (Noa Shein)
  • theory of emotion — see emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of
• sport, philosophy of (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias)
• square of opposition (Terence Parsons and Graziana Ciola)
• Śrīgupta (Allison Aitken)
• Śrīharṣa (Nilanjan Das)
• St. Petersburg paradox (Martin Peterson)
• states of affairs (Mark Textor)
• statistical physics
  • Boltzmann’s work in (Jos Uffink)
  • philosophy of statistical mechanics (Roman Frigg and Charlotte Werndl)
• statistics, philosophy of (Jan-Willem Romeijn)
• Stebbing, Susan (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman)
• Stein, Edith (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran)
• stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: stem cell research
• Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Daniel Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen)
• Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
• Stoicism (Marion Durand, Simon Shogry, and Dirk Baltzly)
• Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
• Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes)
• structuralism
  • in mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism
  • in physics — see physics: structuralism in
• structural realism (James Ladyman)
• Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
• Sturm, Johann (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel)
• style
  • in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
• Suárez, Francisco (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz)
• substance (Howard Robinson and Ralph Weir)
• substructural logics — see logic: substructural
• Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
• suicide (Michael Cholbi)
• supererogation (David Heyd)
• supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
  • in ethics (Tristram McPherson)
• surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
• Susman, Margarete (Willi Goetschel)
• suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
• syllogism
  • medieval theories of (Henrik Lagerlund)
• Sylvan [Routley], Richard (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber)
• symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking
• synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
• Syrianus (Roberto Granieri and Christian Wildberg)
• systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of (Sara Green)

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T [jump to top]

• Taoism — see Daoism
• Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
  • truth definitions (Wilfrid Hodges)
• Taurellus, Nicolaus (Andreas Blank)
• taxation (Adam Kern)
• techne — see episteme and techne
• technology, philosophy of (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel)
• teleology
  • teleological arguments for God’s existence (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski)
  • teleological notions in biology (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal)
  • teleological theories of mental content — see mental content: teleological theories of
• Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
• temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
• temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
• tense and aspect (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott)
• terms, properties of
  • medieval theories of (Stephen Read)
• territorial rights and justice (Margaret Moore)
• terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
• testimony
  • epistemological problems of (Nick Leonard)
• testimony, aesthetic — see aesthetic testimony
• theater, philosophy of (James R. Hamilton)
• theism
  • atheism and agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
  • monotheism — see monotheism
  • panentheism — see panentheism
  • pantheism — see pantheism
  • process — see process theism
  • skeptical — see skeptical theism
• theodicies (Laura W. Ekstrom)
• theology, natural and natural religion (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom)
• Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
• Theophrastus (Katerina Ierodiakonou)
• theoretical terms in science (Holger Andreas)
• thick ethical concepts (Pekka Väyrynen)
• Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
• Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
• thought, associationist theories of — see associationist theories of thought
• thought experiments (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige)
• Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
• Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
• Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language (Pascale Hugon)
• time (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan)
  • being and becoming in modern physics — see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
  • branching — see branching time
  • thermodynamic asymmetry in (Craig Callender)
• time machines (John Earman, Christian Wüthrich, and JB Manchak)
• time travel (Nicholas J.J. Smith)
  • and modern physics (Christopher Smeenk, Frank Arntzenius, and Tim Maudlin)
• Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
• toleration (Rainer Forst)
• torts, theories of the common law of (Arthur Ripstein)
• torture (Seumas Miller)
• touch (Matthew Fulkerson)
• tragedy, paradox of — see paradox of tragedy
• transcendental arguments (Robert Stern and Tony Cheng)
  • Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
• transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
• transcendentals, medieval theories of (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen)
• transformative experience (Rebecca Chan)
• trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues
• transmission of justification and warrant (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza)
• trans philosophy (Perry Zurn)
• transworld identity — see identity: transworld
• treating persons as means (Samuel Kerstein)
• trinity (Dale Tuggy)
• tropes (Anna-Sofia Maurin)
• trust (Carolyn McLeod)
• truth (Michael Glanzberg)
  • axiomatic theories of (Volker Halbach and Graham E. Leigh)
  • coherence theory of (James O. Young)
  • correspondence theory of (Marian David)
  • deflationism about (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge)
  • identity theory of (Richard Gaskin)
  • pluralist theories of (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright)
  • pragmatic theory of (John Capps)
  • primitivist theories of (Jeremy Wyatt)
  • revision theory of (Philip Kremer and Edoardo Rivello)
  • Tarski’s theory of truth — see Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions
• truthlikeness (Graham Oddie and Gustavo Cevolani)
• truthmakers (Fraser MacBride and Christopher Daly)
• truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
• Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm)
• Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
• Turing machines (Liesbeth De Mol)
• Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
• Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
• Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
• two truths in India, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• two truths in Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
• types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
• type theory (Thierry Coquand)
  • Church’s type theory (Christoph Benzmüller and Peter Andrews)
  • constructive — see type theory: intuitionistic
  • intuitionistic (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren)

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U [jump to top]

• ultimates
  • and God — see God: and other ultimates
• Umar Khayyam (Seyed N. Mousavian, Suzanne Sumner, Mehdi Aminrazavi, and Glen Van Brummelen)
• Uncertainty Principle (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink)
• underdetermination, of scientific theories (Kyle Stanford)
• understanding (Stephen Grimm)
• units and levels of natural selection — see natural selection: units and levels of
• unity of science — see science: unity of
• universal hylomorphism — see binarium famosissimum
• universals — see properties
  • the medieval problem of (Gyula Klima)
• utilitarianism — see consequentialism
  • history of (Julia Driver)
  • rule — see consequentialism: rule

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V [jump to top]

• vagueness (Roy Sorensen)
• vagueness of composition — see many, problem of
• Vaihinger, Hans (Timothy Stoll)
• validity — see logical truth
• Valla, Lorenzo (Lodi Nauta)
• value
  • incommensurable (Henrik Andersson and Nien-hê Hsieh)
  • intrinsic vs. extrinsic (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley)
  • of knowledge — see knowledge, value of
  • pluralism (Elinor Mason)
• value theory (Mark Schroeder)
• Vasconcelos, José (Clinton Tolley)
• Vasubandhu (Jonathan C. Gold)
• vegetarianism, ethics of (Tyler Doggett)
• veil of ignorance — see original position
• verbs, intensional transitive — see intensional transitive verbs
• verisimilitude — see truthlikeness
• Vico, Giambattista (Timothy Costelloe)
• Vienna Circle (Thomas Uebel)
• virtue
  • ancient theories of — see ethics: ancient
• virtue ethics — see ethics: virtue
• visual thinking in mathematics
  • epistemology of (Marcus Giaquinto)
• Viterbo, James of — see James of Viterbo
• Vives, Juan Luis (Lorenzo Casini)
• volition — see free will
• Voltaire (J.B. Shank)
• voluntarism, doxastic — see doxastic voluntarism
• voluntarism, theological (Mark Murphy)
• voting (Jason Brennan)
  • methods (Eric Pacuit)

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W [jump to top]

• Wang Yangming (Bryan Van Norden)
• war (Seth Lazar)
• Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
• warrant, transmission of — see transmission of justification and warrant
• Watsuji Tetsurō (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy)
• weakness of will (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky)
• Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
• weighing reasons (Chris Tucker)
• Weil, Simone (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis)
• welfare economics — see economics and economic justice
  • intergenerational, and Ramsey — see Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics
• well-being (Roger Crisp)
• well-being and morality (Valerie Tiberius)
• Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
• Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
• Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
• Whitehead, Alfred North (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine)
• William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis and Katrin Fischer)
• William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
• William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
• William of Sherwood (Sara L. Uckelman)
• Williams, Bernard (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth)
• Williams, Donald Cary (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring)
• Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
• Windelband, Wilhelm (Katherina Kinzel)
• wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
  • aesthetics (Garry Hagberg)
  • ethics (Benjamin De Mesel and Jordi Fairhurst)
  • logical atomism (Ian Proops)
  • philosophy of mathematics (Victor Rodych)
• Wodeham, Adam de (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt)
• Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck)
• Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
• word meaning — see meaning: of words
• work and labor (Michael Cholbi)
• world government (Catherine Lu)
• worlds
  • impossible — see impossible worlds
  • possible — see possible worlds
• Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
• Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
• Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)

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X [jump to top]

• Xenocrates (Giulia De Cesaris and Russell Dancy)
• Xenophanes (James Lesher)
• Xenophon (Russell E. Jones)
• Xunzi (Paul R. Goldin)

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Y [jump to top]

• Yogācāra (Szilvia Szanyi)
• Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul (Ingo Farin)

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Z [jump to top]

• Zabarella, Giacomo (Heikki Mikkeli and Tawrin Baker)
• Zeno of Elea (John Palmer)
  • Zeno’s paradoxes (Nick Huggett)
• Zermelo, Ernst
  • axiomatization of set theory — see set theory: Zermelo’s axiomatization of
• Zhuangzi (Chad Hansen)
• Zhu Xi (Kirill Thompson)
• zombies (Robert Kirk)